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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 Apr 15;68(9):1962–1969. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16435

Table 3.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Physical Function and Cognitive Status for Overall and by Age Group

Age groups n (%) Young 65 (20%) Middle aged 131 (40%) Older 132 (40%)
Physical function

Total SPPB, mean (SE)
 3 mo 7.6 (1.0)b 5.5 (.7)c 3.5 (.7)
 6 mo 8.2 (1.1)b 5.9 (.7) 4 (.8)
 12 mo 7.9 (1.6) 5.1 (.9) 4.9 (1.1)

Handgrip strength
 3 mo 30.5 (2.7)a,b 23.2 (1.5) 22.5 (2.6)
 6 mo 48.5 (5.9)a,b 25.2 (1.3) 22.9 (1.1)
 12 mo 36.7 (2.5)a,b 27.8 (1.6)c 18.8 (2.2)

Cognitive function

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, mean (SE)
 3 mo
  Total recall 26.3 (1.0)a,b 20.8 (1.1) 18.8 (1.0)
  Delayed recall 9.7 (.5)a,b 6.5 (.6) 5.4 (.7)
  Retention 91.7 (2.7)a,b 72.8 (5.9) 65.1 (6.8)
 6 mo
  Total recall 26.4 (1.0)a,b 23.5 (.7)c 19.1 (1.8)
  Delayed recall 9.3 (.4)a,b 8.1 (.3)c 5.4 (.9)
  Retention 92.4 (1.5)b 86.3 (3.0)c 60.7 (8.9)
 12 mo
  Total recall 28 (.9)a,b 22 (1.9) 20.8 (1.3)
  Delayed recall 9.7 (.4)a,b 6.5 (1.1) 6.9 (.5)
  Retention 91.3 (2.4)a 67.3 (11.2) 81 (5.1)

COWA, mean (SE)
 3 mo 40.8 (2.0)a,b 28.8 (2.4) 28.5 (1.8)
 6 mo 38.5 (1.5)a,b 32.8 (1.4) 26.5 (1.8)
 12 mo 37.3 (2.1)b 31.3 (5.9) 27 (2.5)

MMSE, mean (SE)
 3 mo 90.2 (2.6)b 84.3 (2.9) 81.9 (3.2)
 6 mo 95.2 (1.6)a,b 89.9 (1.3)c 78.6 (2.8)
 12 mo 92.4 (2.9)b 86.8 (4.4) 85.1 (2.2)

Abbreviations: COWA, Controlled Oral Word Association; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SE, standard error; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.

Statistical difference was labeled as follows:

a

Young vs middle aged.

b

Young vs older adults.

c

Middle-aged vs older adults, with statistical significance set at P < .05.