Table 1.
Clinical and demographic features
| Variables | Kyphosis group | Control group | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 81.10 ± 6.3 | 81.00 ± 5.5 | 0.945 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 14 (33.3) | 11 (30.6) | 0.793 | |
| Female | 28 (66.7) | 25 (69.4) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.68 ± 2.1 | 24.56 ± 1.6 | 0.783 | |
| Baecke Physical Activity Score | 6.79 ± 0.3 | 6.78 ± 0.4 | 0.880 | |
| COBB | 77.33 ± 5.4 | 37.86 ± 6.7 | < 0.001 | |
| FEV1 predicted (lt) | 1.77 ± 0.1 | 2.14 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | |
| FEV1 (%) | 90.86 ± 5.4 | 105.36 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | |
| FVC predicted (lt) | 2.17 ± 0.1 | 2.31 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | |
| FVC (%) | 104.24 ± 3.1 | 115.68 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Diaphragm thickness | ||||
| End-expirium (mm) | 1.83 ± 0.1 | 1.84 ± 0.1 | 0.553 | |
| End-inspirium (mm) | 2.97 ± 0.2 | 3.58 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Change level (mm) | 1.13 ± 0.1 | 1.74 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Thickening ratio (%) | 61.84 ± 9.6 | 95.29 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Strain ratio | ||||
| End-expirium | 2.25 ± 0.1 | 2.26 ± 0.1 | 0.153 | |
| End-inspirium | 3.56 ± 0.1 | 2.88 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Change level | 1.31 ± 0.2 | 0.61 ±0.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Strain ratio (%) | 0.58 ± 0.1 | 0.27 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Strain elastography – end-expirium | ||||
| Grade 1 (red to yellow) | 6 (14.3) | 33 (91.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Grade 2 (green) | 34 (81.0) | 3 (8.3) | ||
| Grade 3 (blue) | 2 (4.8) | 0 (0) | ||
| Strain elastography – end-expirium | ||||
| Grade 1 (red to yellow) | 3 (7.1) | 27 (75.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Grade 2 (green) | 27 (64.3) | 9 (25.0) | ||
| Grade 3 (blue) | 12 (28.6) | 0 (0) | ||
FEV1 – forced expiratory volume in the first second, FVC – forced vital capacity. The data are shown as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Bold p values denote significance.