Table 2.
Content and context of work-environment measuring instruments
| Author | Year | Sample and setting | Instrument | Focus | Measurement type | No. of items |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abraham and Foley [36] | 1984 | Nursing students in mental health nursing, USA |
Work-environment scale, short form (WES-SF) |
Work environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 40 |
| Adams, Bond [37] | 1995 | Registered nurses in inpatient hospital wards, UK |
Ward organizational features scale (WOFS) |
Ward environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 105 |
| Aiken and Patrician [38] | 2000 | Nurses in hospitals (specialized AIDS units and general medicine), USA |
Revised nursing work index (NWI-R) | Nursing work environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 57 |
| Appel, Schuler [54] | 2017 | Physicians and nurses in hospitals (ICU, ER, intermediate care, regular wards, OR), Germany |
Kurzfragenbogen zur arbeitsanalyse (KFZA) |
Work environment | 5-point Likert scale | 26 SV 37 LV |
| Berndt, Parsons [39] | 2009 | Nurses in hospitals, USA | Healthy workplace index (HWPI) |
Healthy workplace | 4-point Likert, agreement and presence | 32 |
| Bonneterre, Ehlinger [55] | 2011 | Nurses and nurse assistants in hospitals, France |
Nursing work index—extended organization (NWI-EO) | Psychosocial and organizational work factors | 4-point Likert, agreement | 22 |
| Clark, Sattler [71] | 2016 | Nurses in hospitals, United States | Healthy work-environment inventory (HWEI) | Healthy work environment | 5-point Likert, presence | 20 |
| Duddle and Boughton [40] | 2008 | Nurses in a hospital, Australia | Nursing workplace relational environment scale (NWRES) | Nursing workplace relational environment | 5-point Likert, agreement | 22 |
| Erickson, Duffy [56] | 2004 | Nurses, occupational therapist, physical therapy, respiratory therapy, social services, speech pathology and chaplaincy working within one hospital. United States |
Professional practice environment scale (PPE) |
Practice environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 39 |
| Erickson, Duffy [41] | 2009 | Nurses within one hospital, USA | Revised professional practice environment scale (RPPE) | Practice environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 39 |
| Estabrooks, Squires [42] | 2009 | Nurses in pediatric hospitals, Canada |
Alberta context tool (ACT) | Organizational context | 5-point Likert, agreement or presence | 56 |
| Flint, Farrugia [43] | 2010 | Nurses within two hospitals, Australia |
Brisbane practice environment measure (B-PEM) | Practice environment | 5-point Likert, agreement | 26 |
| Friedberg, Rodriguez [57] | 2016 | Clinicians (physicians, nurses, allied health professionals) and other staff (clerks, receptionist) in community clinics and health centers, United States |
Survey of workplace climate | Workplace climate | 5-point Likert, agreement and 1 item: 5-point scale (1 calm—5 hectic/chaotic) | 44 |
| Gagnon, Paquet [58] | 2009 | Health care workers (nurses, health care professionals, technicians, office staff, support staff and management) within one health care center, Canada |
CRISO Psychological climate questionnaire (PCQ) | Psychological climate | 5-point Likert, agreement | 60 |
| Ives-Erickson, Duffy [44] | 2015 | Patient care assistants, within two hospitals, USA |
Patient Care Associates’ Work-environment scale (PCA-WES) |
Practice environment | 4 -point Likert, occurrence | 35 |
| Ives Erickson, Duffy [45] | 2017 | Nurses within one hospital, USA | Professional practice work-environment inventory (PPWEI) |
Practice environment | 6-point Likert, agreement | 61 |
| Jansson von Vultée [59] | 2015 | Health care personal, task advisors, employees at advertising, daycare and in leadership programs, Sweden |
Munik questionnaire | Healthy workplaces | 4-point Likert, agreement | 65 |
| Kalisch, Lee [46] | 2010 | Nurses and nurse assistants in hospitals, USA |
Nursing teamwork survey (NTS) | Nursing teamwork | 5-point Likert appearance | 33 |
| Kennerly, Yap [47] | 2012 | Nurses and nurse assistants in long term care, hospital, ambulatory care, USA |
Nursing culture assessment tool (NCAT) |
Nursing culture | 4-point Likert, agreement | 22 |
| Klingle, Burgoon [60] | 1995 | Patients, nurses and physicians, USA | Hospital culture scale (HSC) | Hospital culture | 5-point Likert, agreement | 15 |
| Kobuse, Morishima [61] | 2014 | Physicians, nurses, allied health personnel, administrative staff, other staff in hospitals, Japan |
Hospital organizational culture questionnaire (HOCQ) |
Organizational culture | 5-point Likert, agreement | 24 |
| Kramer and Schmalenberg [48] | 2004 | Nurses in hospitals, USA | Essentials of Magnetism tool (EOM) | Nursing work environment | 62 | |
| Lake [49] | 2002 | Nurses in hospitals, USA | Practice environment scale of the nursing work index (PES-NWI) |
Practice environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 31 |
| Li, Lake [50] | 2007 | Nurses in hospitals, USA | Short form of NWI-R | Nursing work environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 12 |
| Mays, Hrabe [51] | 2010 | Nurses and nurse managers in hospitals, USA |
N2N Work-environment scale | Nursing work environment | 5-point rating scale | 12 |
| McCusker, Dendukuri [62] | 2005 | Employees from rehabilitation services, diagnostic services, other clinical services and support services in one hospital, Canada |
Adapted 24 version NWI-R | Work environment | 4-point Likert, agreement | 23 |
| McSherry and Pearce [63] | 2018 | Nurses, physicians, allied health care and supporting staff in hospitals, UK |
Cultural health check (CHC) | Ward culture | 4-point Likert, occurrence | 16 |
| Pena-Suarez, Muniz [64] | 2013 | Auxiliary nurse, administrator assistant, porter, laboratory technician, X-ray technician and others (nurses and physicians excluded) within health services of Austria, Spain |
Organizational climate scale (CLIOR) | Organizational climate | 5-point Likert, agreement | 50 |
| Rafferty, Philippou [65] | 2017 | Nurses, allied health professionals, physicians, administrative and care assistant in in and outpatients mental health and community care, United Kingdom |
CoCB | Culture of care | 5-point Likert, agreement and 1 open question | 31 |
| Reid, Courtney [52] | 2015 | Nurses in professionals and industrial organizations, Australia | Brisbane practice environment measure (B-PEM) |
Practice environment | 5-point Likert, agreement | 28 |
| Saillour-Glenisson, Domecq [66] | 2016 | Physicians, nurses and orderlies in hospitals, France |
Contexte organisationnel et managérial en etablissement de santé (COMEt) |
Organizational culture | 5-point Likert, agreement | 82 |
| Schroder, Medves [67] | 2011 | Health care professionals from different backgrounds working in health care teams, Canada |
Collaborative practice assessment tool (CPAT) | Team collaboration | 7-point Likert, agreement and 3 open questions |
56 |
| Siedlecki and Hixson [68] | 2011 | Nurses and physicians in one hospital, USA |
Professional practices environment assessment scale (PPEAS) | Professional practice environment |
10-point rating scale | 13 |
| Stahl, Schirmer [72] | 2017 | Midwives within hospitals, Germany | Picker Employee Questionnaire—Midwives |
Work environment | Different rating types with 2–16 answer options |
52 |
| Upenieks, Lee [69] | 2010 | Front line nurses, physicians and ancillary health care providers in hospitals, United States |
Revised health care team vitality instrument (HTVI) |
Team vitality | 5-point Likert, agreement | 10 |
| Whitley and Putzier [53] | 1994 | Nurses in one hospital, USA | Work quality index | Work environment | 7-point Likert, satisfaction | 38 |
| Wienand, Cinotti [70] | 2007 | Physicians, scientist, management, nurses, therapists, laboratory and radiology technicians in hospitals and outpatient clinics, Italy |
Survey on organizational climate in health care institutions (ICONAS) |
Organizational climate | 10-point rating scale | 48 |