Figure 4.

Emerging roles for ncRNAs in pulmonary fibrosis by targeting heterogeneous macrophages. Pulmonary fibrosis is now generally regarded as a consequence of multiple risk factors, such as cigarette smoke, irradiation, and silica. ncRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, which is associated with the function of heterogeneous macrophages. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; miR, microRNA; ncRNA, noncoding RNA