Table 5.
Combinatorial soluble dECM-biomaterial scaffolds.
| dECM source | Additional material | Cell source | Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Porcine cECM | GelMA | Human neonatal CPCs | Improved cardiac commitment, endothelial commitment, angiogenic potential compared to pure GelMA patches Neovascularization following 14 d implantation | [103] |
| Collagen I | Human ESCs | Higher cECM content improved cardiac commitment | [112,113] | |
| Chitosan | Murine CMs | Improved cardiac commitment, retention, conduction velocities, contractile stress compared to gelatin-chitosan | [116] | |
| Chitosan, PCL core | None | Induced M2 macrophages in vivo | [117] | |
| Silk | Human ESCs and ESC-derived CMs | Anisotropic, aligned fibers formed via oriented freezing Improved cardiac commitment compared to aligned or isotropic silk cECM inclusion improved cell infiltration and vascularization in vivo |
[120] | |
| Silk | Murine cardiac fibroblasts | Silk/cECM concentration tailors mechanical properties and fibroblast proliferation, viability, integrin expression | [121] | |
| PEG-acrylate | Murine fibroblasts | Increased cECM scaffold modulus Fibroblasts remained viable with inclusion of PEG | [93] | |
| PLGA | Human MSCs | Tissue papers induced MSC proliferation | [122] | |
| PCL and VEGF | Human CPCs and MSCs | Patterned patches improved angiogenesis and ejection fraction in rat MI model | [123] | |
| Human cECM | Amniotic membrane | Human cardiac fibroblasts, epicardial cells, CMs | CMs showed improved adhesion and survival compared to pure amniotic membrane Reduced monocyte secretion of inflammatory cytokines and induction of M1 macrophages |
[114] |
| Murine cECM (fetal and adult) | Fibrin and transglutaminase | Human CPCs | CPCs remained viable and showed cardiac commitment | [115] |
| Bovine cECM | Chitosan | Human CPCs | Higher cECM ratio improves CPC viability | [118] |
| Porcine pECM | Chitosan | Human MSCs | Cardiac preservation and increase in cardiac function 8 weeks postinjection in MI model | [119] |
| Ovine pECM | CNTs | Murine CMs | CNTs suppressed CM cytotoxicity Improved proliferation, gap junction expression, and contraction compared to pECM hydrogels or gelatin-fibronectin-coated plates | [124] |