Distal colonic mucosa associated microbiome in Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 knockout (NHE8KO) mice. A: nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on Bray-Curtis distances in NHE8 wild-type (NHE8WT) (blue) mice and in NHE8KO mice (red). The data ellipses were calculated with 95% confidence level. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using the distance matrixes Adonis test was used to compare 2 genotypes. B: richness, a measure of the number of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and Shannon Index, a measure of evenness of the microbial populations in NHE8WT and NHE8KO mice. *P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test. C: distribution of major phyla in NHE8WT and NHE8KO mice. ***P < 0.001, phyla significantly different between genotypes by Mann-Whitney U test. D: microbial composition in NHE8WT (WT) and NHE8KO mice (KO) at the genus level. For visualization, all taxa with a mean value of the relative abundance <0.01% were filtered out. E: significantly different genera in NHE8KO mice (KO) in comparison with NHE8WT mice (WT) (bold line). Each dot represents a genus significantly different (DESeq2 adjusted P < 0.05) between 2 genotypes. The magnitude of difference is presented as a log2 scale of fold change comparing to WT mice.