Figure 2:

Participant selection and practice effect calculation within a single iteration of the pseudo-replacement method. Practice effects were calculated by comparing the mean scores of these subsamples using the equations provided below the flowchart. The difference between the mean of Returnees_T2 scores and the mean of the matched Pseudo-Replacements_T1 scores equates to the sum of practice effect and attrition effect. The attrition effect accounts for the fact that individuals who return for follow-up may be a higher performing or healthier than the full baseline sample. The practice effect for each test equals the difference score minus the attrition effect.