Table 1:
Published screening criteria for BCVI
| Name of Screening Criteria | Patients to Be Screened |
|
|---|---|---|
| Signs/Symptoms of BCVI | Risk Factors of BCVI | |
| Modifieda Denver Criteria14 | Arterial hemorrhage (from neck, nose, or mouth) | High-energy transfer mechanism with the following: |
| Cervical bruit (in younger than 50 yr of age) | LeFort II or III fracture | |
| Expanding cervical hematoma | Basilar skull fracture involving carotid canal | |
| Focal neurologic defect: TIA, hemiparesis, vertebrobasilar symptoms, Horner syndrome | Cervical vertebral body or transverse foramen fracture, subluxation, or ligamentous injury at any level; any fracture at C1–C3 | |
| Stroke on CT or MRI | Closed head injury consistent with DAI and GCS <6 | |
| Neurologic deficit inconsistent with head CT | Near-hanging with anoxia | |
| Clothesline-type injury or seat belt abrasion with significant swelling, pain, or altered mental status | ||
| Memphis Criteria16 | Cervical spine fracture | |
| Neurologic exam not explained by brain imaging | ||
| Horner syndrome | ||
| LeFort II or III facial fractures | ||
| Skull base fractures involving the foramen lacerum | ||
| Neck soft-tissue injury (eg, seat belt injury or hanging) | ||
Note:—DAI indicates diffuse axonal injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale.
a
Suggested expansion: occipital condyle fractures, mandibular fractures, traumatic brain injuries with thoracic injuries, scalp degloving, thoracic vascular injuries, and blunt cardiac rupture.9