Table 1.

Probiotic microorganisms in kefir and their antiviral activity.

Microbial species	Antiviral activity	References
Lactobacillus casei	Rotavirus	[24,142,143,144]
Lactobacillus brevis	Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)	[24,25,142,143,145]
Lactobacillus plantarum	Echovirus E7 and E19, Influenza virus H1N1, Coxsackie virus, Influenza virus, Seasonal and Avian Influenza viruses	[23,54,142,145]
Lactobacillus acidophilus	Hepatitis C, Influenza virus, Rotavirus, Coxsackie	[142,143,145,146]
Lactobacillus gasseri	Influenza A virus, Espiratory syncytial virus (RSV)	[142,143]
Lactobacillus crispatus	HSV-2	[142,147]
Lactobacillus amylovorus	Echovirus E7 and E19	[142]
L. rhamnosus	Influenza virus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Coxsackie	[142]
L. sakei	Salmonid viruses	[142]
L. reuteri	Coxsackievirus A and Enterovirus 71	[142]
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis	Feline Calicivirus,norovirus (NV), Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Poliovirus (PV-1)	[22,24,25,54,143,144,147,148,149,150]
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris	Influenza virus	[149,150,151]
Streptococcus thermophilus	Coxsackie, Influenza virus	[122]
Leuconostoc spp.	Human Adenovirus Type 5	[[143]]
Leuconostoc mesenteroides	Salmonid viruses, Seasonal and Avian Influenza viruses	[22,24,142,144,151]
Bifidobacterium spp.	Rotavirus	[151]
B. longum	Rotavirus	[[146]]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Swine influenza virus, Coronaviruses	[24,25,128,143,147,152,153,154,155,156]
Ganoderma lucidum	Enterovirus 71	[152]
Penicillium sp. Vega 347	Dengue viruses	[152]