Effect of KRGE on macrophage infiltration and expression levels of inflammatory mediators in ovaries of DHEA-induced PCOS rats. (A) The mRNA expression of CD11b in ovaries was measured by real-time PCR at day 20 after DHEA treatment. (B-E) The distribution of Iba-1 (+) macrophage was measured using ovarian sections by immunohistochemistry staining at day 20 after DHEA treatment. Sham (B), KRGE 150 (C), DHEA (D), and DHEA + KRGE 150 (E) groups. (F-L) The mRNA expression levels of chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), iNOS, and growth factors (EGF, TGF-β) in ovaries were measured by real-time PCR analysis at Day 20 after DHEA treatment. Values represent the mean ± SEM. Scale bar = 100 μm. ##p < 0.01 versus Sham group; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 versus DHEA group. KRGE, Korean Red Ginseng extract; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; SEM, standard error of mean; IL, interleukin; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.