Table 2.

Urinary cadmium (μg/L) geometric means and Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals)

	Geometric Mean for cadmium, [95% CI]	OR [95%CI] unadjusteda	p-value
Overall urinary cadmium (μg/L)	0.14 μg/L [0.13, 0.16]
E-cigarette use/cigarette use
Neither e-cigarette nor cigarette use	0.12 μg/L [0.11, 0.14]	reference	NA
Smoking history (with dual use e-cigarettes)	0.23 μg/L [0.20, 0.27]	1.86 [1.53, 2.26]	<.0001
Only e-cigarette use (current or former)	0.11 μg/L [0.08, 0.14]	0.86 [0.61, 1.20]	.3491
Sex
Female	0.17 μg/L [0.14, 0.20]	reference	NA
Male	0.15 μg/L [0.14, 0.16])	0.88 [0.77, 1.01]	.0719
Age in years
18–25	0.10 μg/L [0.08, 0.11]	reference	NA
26–44	0.14 μg/L [0.12, 0.15]	1.41 [1.25, 1.60]	<0001
45–65	0.21 μg/L [0.19, 0.25]	2.22 [1.83, 2.70]	<.0001
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	0.14 μg/L [0.13, 0.16]	reference	NA
Non-Hispanic black	0.23 μg/L [0.20, 0.27]	1.53 [1.36, 2.85]	<.0001
Mexican American	0.15 μg/L [0.14, 0.17]	1.07 [0.93, 1.24]	.2996
Other	0.18 μg/L [0.16, 0.21]	1.29 [1.11, 1.49]	.0027
Federal Poverty Level
≤200%	0.16 μg/L [0.14, 0.18]	1.04 [0.90, 1.19]	.5976
>200%	0.16 μg/L [0.14, 0.17]	reference	NA
		Creatinine-adjusted OR [95%CI]
Overall urinary cadmium (μg/L)	0.17 μg/L [0.16, 0.19]
E-cigarette use/cigarette use
Neither e-cigarette nor cigarette use	0.14 μg/L [0.13, 0.15]	reference	NA
Smoking history (with dual use e-cigarettes)	0.23 μg/L [0.21, 0.27]	1.63 [1.42, 1.88]	<.0001
Only e-cigarette use (current or former)	0.09 μg/L [0.08, 0.11]	0.65 [0.55, 0.77]	<.0001
Sex
Female	0.22 μg/L [0.20, 0.25]	reference	NA
Male	0.13 μg/L [0.13, 0.14]	0.60 [0.55, 0.96]	<.0001
Age in years
18–25	0.09 μg/L [0.08, 0.10]	reference	NA
26–44	0.15 μg/L [0.13, 0.16]	1.66 [1.48, 1.85]	<.0001
45–65	0.26 μg/L [0.23,0.28]	2.94 [2.57, 3.97]	<.0001
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	0.17 μg/L [0.15, 0.19]	reference	NA
Non-Hispanic black	0.17 μg/L [0.14,0.19]	0.98 [0.83, 1.16]	.8324
Mexican American	0.16 μg/L [0.15, 0.18]	0.95 [0.85, 1.07]	.4063
Other	0.23 μg/L [0.20, 0.27]	1.37 [1.12, 1.67]	.0045
Federal Poverty Level
≤200%	0.18 μg/L [0.16, 0.20]	1.04 [0.88, 1.22]	.6495
>200%	0.17 μg/L [0.15, 0.19]	reference	NA

The first part of each table contains unadjusted association between urinary cadmium levels and each factor. The second part of each table contains association between urinary cadmium levels and the specific metal adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and poverty level.

^aOdds ratios and p-values are based upon 1,302 participants in unadjusted/or creatinine-adjusted linear regression on log-transformed urinary cadmium levels. Relative standard error of mean urinary cadmium and e-cigarette use/cigarette use <30%.

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable.