Table 3.
Urinary barium (μg/L) geometric means and Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals)
| Geometric Mean for barium, [95% CI] | OR [95%CI] unadjusteda | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall urinary barium (μg/L) | 1.15 μg/L [1.08, 1.22] | ||
| E-cigarette use/cigarette use | |||
| Neither E-cigarette nor cigarette use | 1.08 μg/L [0.99, 1.19] | reference | NA |
| Smoking history (with dual use e-cigarettes) | 1.15 μg/L [1.03, 1.28] | 1.06 [0.93, 1.21] | .3476 |
| Only E-cigarette use (current or former) | 1.65 μg/L [1.05, 2.60] | 1.52 [0.98 to 2.32] | .0510 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 0.99 μg/L [0.88, 1.12] | reference | NA |
| Male | 1.31 μg/L [1.17, 1.48] | 1.32 [1.12, 1.56] | .0027 |
| Age in years | |||
| 18–25 | 1.23 μg/L [0.99, 1.53] | reference | NA |
| 26–44 | 1.17 μg/L [1.04, 1.32] | 0.95 [0.78, 1.17] | .6390 |
| 45–65 | 1.06 μg/L [0.97, 1.17] | 0.86 [0.69, 1.08] | .1868 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.22 μg/L [1.08, 1.39] | reference | NA |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.00 μg/L [0.83, 1.20] | 0.82 [0.67, 1.00] | .0582 |
| Mexican American | 0.96 μg/L [0.85, 1.08] | 0.78 [0.65, 0.94] | .0126 |
| Other | 1.10 μg/L [0.92, 1.30] | 0.90 [0.75, 1.08] | .2341 |
| Federal Poverty Level | |||
| ≤200% | 1.00 μg/L [0.87, 1.16] | 084 [0.74, 0.95] | .0080 |
| >200% | 1.20 μg/L [1.10, 1.31] | reference | NA |
| Creatinine-adjusted OR [95%CI] | |||
| Overall urinary barium(μg/L) | 1.23 μg/L [1.11, 1.36] | ||
| E-cigarette use/cigarette use | |||
| Neither e-cigarette nor cigarette use | 1.26 μg/L [1.14, 1.40] | reference | NA |
| Smoking history (with dual use e-cigarettes) | 1.19 μg/L [1.09, 1.27] | 0.93 [0.87, 1.00] | 0.0427 |
| Only e-cigarette use (current or former) | 1.45 μg/L [0.97, 2.16] | 1.15 [0.81, 1.62] | 0.4020 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.30 μg/L [1.17, 1.44] | reference | NA |
| Male | 1.17 μg/L [1.04, 1.32] | 0.90 [0.81, 0.99] | .0681 |
| Age in years | |||
| 18–25 | 1.12 μg/L [0.94, 1.32] | reference | NA |
| 26–44 | 1.25 μg/L [1.09, 1.44] | 1.12 [0.99, 1.27] | .0737 |
| 45–65 | 1.28 μg/L [1.15, 1.42] | 1.14 [0.95, 1.38] | .1449 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.44 [μg/L 1.33, 1.60] | reference | NA |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.72 μg/L [0.59 to 0.89] | 0.50 [0.42, 0.61] | <.0001 |
| Mexican American | 1.01 μg/L [0.88 to 1.15] | 0.70 [0.59, 0.83] | .0005 |
| Other | 1.39 μg/L [1.19 to 1.60] | 0.96 [0.78, 1.17] | .6396 |
| Federal Poverty Level | |||
| ≤200% | 1.10 μg/L [0.95 to 1.27] | 0.84 [0.72, 0.97] | .0241 |
| >200% | 1.32 μg/L [1.18 to 1.46] | reference | NA |
The first part of each table contains unadjusted association between urinary barium levels and each factor. The second part of each table contains association between urinary barium levels and the specific metal adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and poverty level.
a
Odds ratios and p-values are based upon 1,302 participants in unadjusted/or creatinine-adjusted linear regression on log-transformed urinary barium levels. Relative standard error of mean urinary barium and e-cigarette use/cigarette use <30%.
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable.