Table 1:
Characteristics of Sample, Postpartum Hemorrhage Frequency following 27,072 Vaginal Births and Use of Oxytocin During Labor from Consortium for Safe Labor Data.
| Variable | PPH Frequency By variable | Maternal and newborn characteristics Frequency by oxytocin use in labor. n (%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Oxytocin in Labor n=5824 |
Augmentation Oxytocin n= 8356 |
Induction Oxytocin n=12892 |
Difference by Oxytocin Use p-value |
||
| Postpartum Hemorrhage | |||||
| Composite Variable | 1,052 (3.9) | 190 (3.3) | 294 (3.5) | 568 (4.4) | <.001 |
| Over 500 mL blood loss | 566 (2.1) | ||||
| ICD-9 Diagnosis Code | 733 (2.7) | ||||
| Maternal/Pregnancy | |||||
| Variables | |||||
| Parity | |||||
| Nulliparous | 540 (5.1)* | 2151 (36.9) | 3688 (44.1) | 4809 (37.3) | <.001 |
| Para 1–3 | 463 (3.1) | 3282 (56.4) | 4273 (51.1) | 7412 (57.5) | |
| Para >=4 | 49 (3.4) | 391 (6.7) | 395 (4.7) | 671 (5.2) | |
| Maternal Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 481 (3.8) | 2829 (50.4) | 3724 (45.9) | 6078 (48.2) | <.001 |
| Black/Non Hispanic | 230 (3.8) | 1268 (22.6) | 1979 (24.4) | 2848 (22.6) | |
| Hispanic | 252 (4.2) | 1106 (19.7) | 1934 (23.8) | 2971 (23.6) | |
| Asian Pacific Islander | 30 (3.9) | 288 (5.1) | 220 (2.7) | 259 (2.1) | |
| Multi-racial/Other | 29 (3.5) | 123 (2.2) | 255 (3.1) | 457 (3.6) | |
| Maternal Age (years) | |||||
| <20 | 154 (4.9)* | 662 (11.4) | 1126 (13.5) | 1354 (10.5) | <.001 |
| 20–34 | 771 (3.7) | 4477 (76.9) | 6462 (77.4) | 10,048 (77.9) | |
| 35 and older | 126 (4.3) | 678 (11.7) | 766 (9.2) | 1487 (11.5) | |
| Maternal Body Mass Index (Pre-pregnancy) | <.001 | ||||
| Underweight | 51 (3.5) | 370 (6.4) | 483 (5.8) | 625 (4.9) | |
| Normal | 575 (3.8) | 3332 (57.2) | 4794 (57.4) | 6985 (54.2) | |
| Overweight | 249 (4.0) | 1277 (21.9) | 1822 (21.8) | 3067 (23.8) | |
| Obese | 177 (4.1) | 845 (14.5) | 1257 (15.0) | 2215 (17.2) | |
| Gestational Age (weeks) | |||||
| 37–38.9 | 346 (3.9)* | 1921 (32.9) | 3205 (38.4) | 3611 (28.0) | <.001 |
| 39–40 | 443 (3.5) | 2862 (49.1) | 3453 (41.3) | 6306 (48.9) | |
| 40.1–41 | 214 (4.6) | 894 (15.4) | 1442 (17.3) | 2308 (17.9) | |
| >41 | 49 (4.6) | 147 (2.5) | 256 (3.1) | 667 (5.2) | |
| Gestational Weight Gain | |||||
| Institute of Medicine | <.001 | ||||
| Met guidelines | 289 (3.5)* | 1758 (30.2) | 2508 (30.0) | 3937 (30.5) | |
| Under guidelines | 210 (3.4) | 1377 (23.6) | 1946 (23.3) | 2810 (21.8) | |
| Exceeded guidelines | 553 (4.3) | 2689 (46.2) | 3902 (46.7) | 6145 (47.7) | |
| Labor/Birth Variables | |||||
| Labor Onset | |||||
| Induction of Labor | 625 (4.4)* | 1305 (22.4) | 0 (0) | 12,892 (100) | <.001 |
| Spontaneous Labor | 427 (3.3) | 4519 (77.6) | 8356 (100) | 0 (0) | |
| Cervical Dilation on Admission (centimeters) | <.001 | ||||
| 3 or less | 582 (4.3)* | 1875 (40.3) | 3582 (53.5) | 8047 (77.6) | |
| 3.5–5.5 | 240 (3.8) | 1833 (39.4) | 2418 (36.1) | 2082 (20.1) | |
| 6 or higher | 45 (2.4) | 943 (20.3) | 694 (10.4) | 247 (2.4) | |
| Duration Full Dilation | |||||
| 30 minutes or less | 400 (3.1)* | 2895 (58.6) | 3755 (49.6) | 6261 (55.3) | <.001 |
| 31–59 minutes | 180 (3.7) | 938 (18.9) | 1608 (21.3) | 2372 (20.9) | |
| >= 1 hour < 3 hours | 275 (5.3) | 954 (19.3) | 1880 (24.9) | 2374 (20.9) | |
| >=3 hours < 6 hours | 54 (6.8) | 153 (3.1) | 323 (4.3) | 314 (2.8) | |
| Oxytocin Duration | |||||
| No oxytocin used | 190 (3.3)* | 5824 (100) | 0 | 0 | <.001 |
| <= 2 hours | 155 (2.9) | 0 | 3214 (38.5) | 2159 (16.8) | |
| >2 to 4 hours | 161 (3.3) | 0 | 2250 (26.9) | 2669 (20.7) | |
| >4 to 7 hours | 230 (4.3) | 0 | 1720 (20.6) | 3653 (28.3) | |
| >7 to 12 hours | 183 (4.8) | 0 | 864 (10.3) | 2926 (22.7) | |
| >12 hours | 133 (7.4) | 0 | 308 (3.7) | 1485 (11.5) | |
| Newborn | |||||
| Macrosomic (4000g+) | 92 (5.0) | 387 (6.8) | 502 (6.0) | 961 (7.5) | <.001 |
| Not macrosomic | 955 (3.8)* | ||||
Note.
*
Denotes significantly different (p <.05) rate of postpartum hemorrhage associated with variable.