Table 2.

The Refined Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia (CUED) Mealtime Video Coding Scheme

I. Resident Intake Process	II. Caregiver & Resident Behaviors (Verbal)	III-1. Caregiver Behaviors (Nonverbal)	III-2. Resident Behaviors (Nonverbal)
A. Structure of Intake episodes 1. Eating technique (resident-completed, staff-facilitated) (Edahiro et al., 2012) 2. Type of food (solid, liquid) 3. Duration 4. Intake outcome (intake, no intake) B. Structure of Mealtime 1. Mealtime 2. No mealtime 3. Mealtime duration	A. Positive Behaviors 1. Asking for help/cooperation (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) - Question 2. Assessing for comfort/condition (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) - Question 3. Giving choices (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) - Question 4. Orientation/Giving Instructions (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) - Statement 5. Showing Approval/agreement (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) - Statement 6. Showing interest (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 7. Gaining Attention Verbally (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 8. Unsure – positive B. Negative Behaviors 1. Interrupting/changing topic (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 2. Verbal refusal/Disagreement (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 3. Controlling Voice (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 4. Unsure – negative	A. Modification of Resident Functional/Cognitive Ability 1. Positioning resident appropriately* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 2. Adjusting to resident’s pace (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 3. Offering different type of food (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 4. Offering beverage (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 5. Offering finger food* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 6. Offering condiments* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 7. Putting item in container/utensil resident can manage (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 8. Giving a bite of appropriate size* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 9. Guiding resident’s hand to pick up food* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 10. Putting food/utensil into resident hand* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 11. Holding resident hand to get food into the mouth* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 12. Wiping away oral spillage or drool* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 13. Other (describe the action in comment box) B. Modification of Care Approaches 1. Adjusting proximity (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 2. Attempting to gain attention (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 3. Positive gestures/facial expressions* (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 4. Appropriate use of affectionate touch* (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 5. Assessing comfort* (Coleman & Medvene, 2013; Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 6. Affirmative nodding* (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 7. Resident-directed eye gaze* (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 8. Other (describe the action in comment box) C. Modification of Dining Environment 1. Modifying traffic (Liu et al. 2019; Wen Liu et al. 2018) 2. Modifying noise level (Liu et al. 2019; Wen Liu et al. 2018) 3. Reducing clutter (Liu et al. 2019; Wen Liu et al. 2018) 4. Limiting distractions (Liu et al. 2019; Wen Liu et al. 2018) 5. Arranging/mixing edible items for easy access* (Liu et al. 2019; Wen Liu et al. 2018) 6. Cutting food into manageable size* (Liu et al. 2019; Wen Liu et al. 2018) 7. Adjusting providing or taking away assistive devices/items (hearing aid glasses bib napkins etc) * (Liu et al. 2019; Wen Liu et al. 2018) 8. Other (describe the action in comment box) D. Negative Behaviors 1. Ignoring/lack of interactions* (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 2. Physically controlling* (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 3. Inappropriate touch* (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 4. Outpacing* (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 5. Discouraging/taking over resident self-eating attempt* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 6. Mixing ALL food up* (Liu et al., 2019; Wen Liu et al., 2018) 7. Leaving the table/resident* (Liu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018) 8. Non-affirmative nodding* (Cipriani et al., 2016) 9. Other - negative (describe the action in comment box)	A. Chewing or Swallowing Difficulty 1. Leaving mouth open allowing food falls out of mouth (passive) (Watson, 1994) 2. Prolonged/continuous chewing/sipping (Cipriani et al., 2016) 3. Doesn’t chew/swallow (holds food in mouth) (Cipriani et al., 2016) 4. Coughing, choking, or gaging on food (Liu et al., 2015) 5. Other (describe the action in comment box) B. Functional Impairment 1. Difficulty using utensil properly, (Coyne & Hoskins, 1997; Tully, 1997) 2. difficulty transporting food to mouth* (Cipriani et al., 2016) 3. Contracture/Limited Range of Motion (ROM) (Cipriani et al., 2016) 4. Taking empty utensil/container to mouth* (Cipriani et al., 2016) 5. Spillage (Cipriani et al., 2016) 6. Drooling* (Watson, 1994) 7. Other (describe the action in comment box) C. Resistive Behaviors 1. Doesn’t open mouth (when mouth is empty) (Watson, 1994) 2. Biting the utensil (when food is offered)* (Liu et al., 2015) 3. Turning head away/tilts head backward (Liu et al., 2015; Watson, 1994) 4. Leaning backward* (Cipriani et al., 2016) 5. Pushing away help/food (Watson, 1994) 6. Spitting out food (Watson, 1994) (two modifiers)  • Doesn’t seem to like food/texture – (passive)  • Intentionally spitting food at the feeding assistant – (aggressive) 7. Non-affirmative nodding (Cipriani et al., 2016) 8. Disengaging from meal (four modifiers) (Cipriani et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2018)  • Closing eyes  • Distracted  • Falling asleep/becoming drowsy  • Other 9. Playing with food/utensil* (Liu et al., 2015) 10. Taking food from others* (Cipriani et al., 2016) 11. Attempting to eat inedible object* (Cipriani et al., 2016) 12. Attempting to leave the table* (Liu et al., 2015) 13. Other-resistive behavior (describe the action in comment box) D. Positive/Neutral Behaviors 1. Using hands to eat/taking over attempts to eat or drink* (Liu et al., 2015) 2. Leaning forward* (Cipriani et al., 2016) 3. Affirmative nodding* (Coleman & Medvene, 2013) 4. Wiping away oral spillage or drool* (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 5. Indicating end of meal (waving hand no; taking off bib, etc) * (Lann-Wolcott et al., 2011) 6. Other-resident behavior (describe the action in comment box)

Note.

^*New codes added to the original version during the refinement of CUED.