Table 3.

Major Coding Challenges and Solutions for Part I (intake process)

Challenges	Solutions	No. of videos with the issue
1. When exactly does an intake episode start or end?	An intake episode should begin with the longest pause of the utensil or hand before intake, that is, code the starting point of an intake episode as soon as the longest pause ends (whether utensil or hand is resting on plate or in the air). An intake episode should end when utensil or hand was completely removed from the resident mouth area, unless it stays on or within millimeters away from the mouth while the resident is attempting to get food in. When the resident sip from cup or straw for liquid, code each sipping act as an intake episode. In the case that there is a long period of sipping where the cup or straw is barely moved away from the mouth, code this sipping act as one intake episode.	12
2. The view of the subjects was sometimes blocked due to camera movement or people being in the way	Code if enough details for a complete intake episode (starting point, ending point, who initiates, type of food involved, intake or not) can be observed. Can’t guess what is going on behind blocked camera if the movement of hand or utensil is not observed.	11
3. Video footage begins or ends while an intake episode is ongoing.	If the video begins with the resident chewing or food is already in the mouth, no episode will be coded. If the video begins when food is moved toward or placed right outside the mouth, and an accurate starting point of an episode is observed, one episode is coded. If the video ends with the resident chewing or food is already in the mouth, code as one episode; if the video ends when the food is moved toward the mouth and still outside the mouth, no episode is coded.	10
4. When the staff and resident were both involved in an intake episode, who should be coded as the subject initiating/completing the episode?	When the staff and resident are both involved in an episode, whoever dominates the eating or drinking movement or makes the attempt successful should be coded as the subject. For example, if the staff is the one who puts the food in the resident’s mouth, or holds the cup for the resident to drink (whether the resident holds the cup/straw or not), it is the staff who makes the intake episode happen and successful, and the staff is coded as the subject initiating/completing the episode.	9
5. The resident brings his/her hand or utensil to his/her mouth as if she/he is eating, but no food is involved.	Code the movement of an empty hand or utensil as an intake episode with no intake.	6
6. Food doesn’t make it completely to residents’ mouth, falls out of the utensil, or is spit out by the resident.	If the resident brings food to mouth and doesn’t make it to the mouth or food falls out, code as an intake episode with no intake.	6