Table 3.
Participant characteristics by recruitment method
| Data are mean ± SD or n (%) | In-person (n=41) | Mailing (n=11) | Social media (n=27) | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 21.4 ± 3.0 | 21.5 ± 1.5 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | <0.01 |
| Gender (n=female) | 18 (44) | 8 (73) | 23 (85) | <0.01 |
| Generation | ||||
| Participant born outside United States | 14 (34) | 0 (0) | 6 (22) | 0.06 |
| Neither parent born in United States | 18 (44) | 7 (64) | 9 (33) | |
| At least one parent born in the United States | 9 (22) | 4 (36) | 12 (44) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 1 (2) | 1 (9) | 6 (22) | 0.13 |
| Black | 4 (10) | 2 (18) | 2 (7) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 35 (85) | 8 (73) | 18 (67) | |
| Other | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | |
| Parents’ highest education level | ||||
| < high school | 16 (46) | 7 (64) | 4 (15) | 0.04 |
| High school degree/GED | 7 (20) | 3 (27) | 7 (27) | |
| Some college, trade, tech | 4 (11) | 0 (0) | 8 (31) | |
| College graduate+ | 8 (23) | 1 (9) | 7 (27) | |
| Neighborhood median household income ($K) | 39.1 ± 12.1 | 44.9 ± 19.2 | 50.8± 17.9 | 0.03 |
| Neighborhood % below Federal Poverty Level | 25.2 ± 9.6 | 25.8 ± 16.1 | 20.6 ± 11.3 | 0.13 |
| Clinical | ||||
| Type 1 Diabetes | 33 (80) | 8 (73) | 19 (70) | 0.62 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 8 (20) | 3 (27) | 8 (30) | |
| Diabetes duration | 9.5 ± 5.6 | 11.1 ± 4.4 | 9.6 ± 6.6 | 0.61 |
| A1C | 10.6 ± 1.6 | 11.4 ± 2.3 | 10.8 ± 2.1 | 0.66 |
| Blood glucose monitoring (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, SDSCA)42 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.7 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | 0.25 |
| Medication adherence (SDSCA) | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 2.7 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 0.01 |
| Habit strength for glucose monitoring (Self-Report Behavioural Automaticity Index, SRBAI)43 | 16.8 ± 6.5 | 12.6 ± 7.3 | 12.7 ± 6.6 | 0.03 |
| Habit strength for taking medications (SRBAI) | 19.7 ± 5.7 | 17.4 ± 8.0 | 18.1 ± 6.7 | 0.60 |
| Source of care | ||||
| Endocrinology | 37 (95) | 5 (45) | 13 (48) | <0.01 |
| Primary care | 1 (3) | 5 (45) | 8 (30) | |
| No regular source of care | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 4 (15) | |
| Unknownb | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | |
| Healthcare utilization (12mo prior randomization) | ||||
| Number of routine diabetes visits | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 0.03 |
| ≥2 visits with A1C recorded ≥3 months apart | 35 (85) | 4 (40) | 9 (36) | <0.01 |
| Participants reporting ≥1 diabetes-related hospitalization | 9 (22) | 2 (18) | 7 (26) | 0.93 |
| Psychosocial | ||||
| Diabetes distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes-Short Form, PAID-SF; range: 0–20) 44 | 8.6 ± 6.0 | 8.5 ± 4.6 | 11.9 ± 5.2 | 0.06 |
| Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL; range: −3 to +9) 45 | −2.3 ± 1.7 | −1.8 ± 1.3 | −3.3 ± 1.7 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes knowledge (Diabetes knowledge Questionnaire, DKQ; range: 0–24) 46 | 17.2 ± 3.3 | 18.3 ± 3.8 | 19.4 ± 2.2 | 0.02 |
| Participation Objective, Participation Subjective (Objective range: weighted z scores −3 to 3, Subjective range −4 to +4) 47 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.06 |
a
Kruskal-Wallace Test or Fisher Exact Test for global difference between the 3 recruitment strategies
b
Participants had a provider, but specialist vs. primary care physician status could not be determined.