Table 1.

Summary of study characteristics.

Study (author, year)	Country	Setting	Study design	Population	Remote consultation type
Rokstad and Straand, 1997 [20]	Norway	Primary care practices	Prospective cohort	All registered patients	Telephone, letter, or through a messenger (mixed)
McKinstry et al, 2002 [21]	Scotland	Primary care practices	Randomized controlled trial	All patients that phoned for a same-day appointment	Telephone
Mehrotra et al, 2012 [22]	United States	Primary care practices	Retrospective cohort	All patients	Text-based e-visit
Huibers et ala, 2014 [16]	Denmark	Out-of-hours primary care contacts	Retrospective cohort	All registered patients	Telephone
Ewen et al, 2015 [23]	United States	Primary care practices	Retrospective cohort	All registered patients	Telephone
Uscher-Pines et al, 2016 [24]	United Statesb	Primary care practices	Retrospective cohort	Adults aged 18-64 years	Telephone, video, internet, or mobile app consultation (mixed)
Christensen et ala, 2016 [17]	Denmark	Out-of-hours primary care contacts	Retrospective cohort	All registered patients	Telephone
Shi et al, 2018 [25]	United Statesb	Primary care practices	Retrospective cohort	Adults aged 18-64 years	Audio and audio-visual conferencing (mixed)
Ray et al, 2019 [27]	United Statesb	Primary care practices	Retrospective cohort	Children aged 0-17 years	Audio-only or audio-video conferencing (mixed)
Murray et al, 2019 [18]	United States	Primary care practices or retail clinics	Retrospective cohort	Women aged 18-65 years	Telephone and text-based e-visit
Johnson et al, 2019 [26]	United States	Primary care practices	Retrospective cohort	Adults aged ≥18 years	Text-based e-visit
Penza et al, 2020 [19]	United States	Primary care retail clinics	Retrospective cohort	Children aged 18 months-18 years	Telephone and text-based e-visit

^aArticles published on the same study.

^bThe data were sourced from national health insurance companies. Therefore, no specific setting was recorded.