Table 2.
Characteristics of the CKD stage 3–5 patients divided by pyuria (Urine WBC ≥ 50/hpf) episodes.
| Variable | All | Group 0 | Group 1 | Group 2 | p for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No pyuria | 1 pyuria episode | > 1 pyuria episodes | |||
| No. of subjects | 3226 | 2661 | 199 | 366 | |
| Demographics and Medical History | |||||
| Age (yr) | 63.5 ± 13.5 | 62.6 ± 13.5 | 66.0 ± 12.9 | 67.9 ± 12.8 | < 0.001 |
| Gender (female) | 1366 (42.3%) | 964 (36.2%) | 145 (72.9%) | 257 (70.2%) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 24.8 ± 4.0 | 24.6 ± 4.0 | 24.4 ± 4.1 | 0.085 |
| Mean BP (mmHg) | 100.0 ± 13.8 | 100.0 ± 13.6 | 99.1 ± 13.0 | 100.3 ± 15.3 | 0.686 |
| Smoker | 354 (11.0%) | 314 (11.8%) | 17 (8.5%) | 23 (6.3%) | 0.003 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 487 (15.1%) | 368 (13.8%) | 40 (20.1%) | 79 (21.6%) | < 0.001 |
| CHF | 413 (12.8%) | 288 (10.8%) | 42 (21.1%) | 83 (22.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 557 (17.3%) | 405 (15.2%) | 50 (25.1%) | 102 (27.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1448 (44.9%) | 1090 (41.0%) | 120 (60.3%) | 238 (65.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 267 (8.3%) | 205 (7.7%) | 17 (8.5%) | 45 (12.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2175 (67.4%) | 1754 (65.9%) | 137 (68.8%) | 284 (77.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 854 (26.5%) | 637 (23.9%) | 69 (34.7%) | 148 (40.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.9 ± 2.4 | 11.2 ± 2.4 | 10.2 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
| WBC (× 1,000 cells/μl) | 7.2 ± 2.3 | 7.1 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 2.8 | 7.5 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 191 (162–222) | 192 (164–221) | 189 (159–224) | 186 (155–216) | 0.837 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 127 (91–185) | 126 (91–184) | 123 (85–179) | 135 (93–187) | 0.761 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 1.2 (0.4–5.3) | 1.1 (0.4–5.0) | 1.5 (0.5–6.4) | 2.3 (0.5–9.3) | 0.004 |
| HbA1C (%) | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 6.4 ± 1.5 | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 6.8 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Potassium (mEq/l) | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 0.71 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dl) | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 9.0 ± 0.8 | 0.008 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/l) | 21.7 ± 4.4 | 22.0 ± 4.3 | 21.0 ± 4.5 | 20.2 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 8.0 ± 2.1 | 0.195 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 24.7 ± 15.1 | 26.0 ± 15.4 | 20.9 ± 11.9 | 17.9 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
| UPCR (mg/g) | 1125 (411–2553) | 1035 (370–2269) | 1513 (617–3241) | 2089 (765–4810) | < 0.001 |
| Medication | |||||
| ACEI or ARB | 1734 (53.8%) | 1375 (51.7%) | 128 (64.3%) | 231 (63.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Other anti-HTN drugs | 1513 (45.8%) | 1175 (43.4%) | 103 (50.5%) | 235 (60.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 737 (22.8%) | 547 (20.6%) | 66 (33.2%) | 124 (33.9%) | < 0.001 |
| OAD | 972 (30.1%) | 714 (26.8%) | 86 (43.2%) | 172 (47.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin | 267 (8.1%) | 182 (6.7%) | 22 (10.8%) | 63 (16.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Statin | 1081 (32.7%) | 839 (31.0%) | 83 (40.7%) | 159 (40.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical Outcomes | |||||
| Follow-up days | 1084 (651–1710) | 1156 (712–1752) | 1004 (581–1583) | 714 (465–1246) | < 0.001 |
|
eGFR slope (ml/min/1.73 m2/yr) |
-2.2 (-5.7 to -0.2) |
-2.1 (-5.2 to -0.2) |
-2.6 (-5.4 to -0.4) |
-3.3 (-8.3 to -0.1) |
< 0.001 |
| Rapid eGFR decline | 900 (28.1%) | 699 (26.5%) | 55 (27.6%) | 146 (40.0%) | < 0.001 |
| ESRD | 1061 (32.9%) | 819 (30.8%) | 79 (39.7%) | 163 (44.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Mortality | 531 (16.5%) | 374 (14.1%) | 44 (22.1%) | 113 (30.9%) | < 0.001 |
CHF, congestive heart failure; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cells; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; OAD, oral anti-diabetic drug; ESRD, end-stage renal disease.
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (IQR), and categorical variables are expressed as number (percentage).
P for trend < 0.05 indicates a significant trend for increasing pyuria levels.