Table 2.
rTMS effects on the helplessness profile.
| Study | Intervention duration | Included in the meta-analysis | Other assessments | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timing | Test: parameter(s) used | Results | Timing | Test: parameter(s) used | Results | ||
| Chen et al. 201554 | 7 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | |||
| Fang & Wang 201855 | 7 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | 24 h after the last session | FST: latency to immobility (s) | 15 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) |
| FST: swimming duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) | ||||||
| Feng et al. 201256 | 3 weeks | During the 1st week after the intervention | FST: immobility duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | During the 1st week after the intervention | FST: climbing duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) |
| During the 3rd week after the intervention | FST: immobility duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | |||||
| FST: climbing duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) | ||||||
| Hargreaves et al. 200537 | 18 days | Immediately after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 20 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) | 17 days after the first session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 20 Hz: ns |
| Heath et al. 201838 | 4 weeks | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration as % of the pre-surgery value |
10 Hz (0.004 T): ns; 10 Hz (0.05 T): ns; 10 Hz (1.0 T): ↑ (=recoverya) |
|||
| Hedges et al. 200344 | 10 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: swimming duration (s) | 15 Hz: ns | Immediately after the last session | FST: swimming duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↑ (=improvement) |
| 3 days after the last session | 15 Hz: ns | ||||||
| 5 days after the last session | 15 Hz: ns | ||||||
| 7 days after the last session | 15 Hz: ns | ||||||
| 14 days after the last session | 15 Hz: ns | ||||||
| Hesselberg et al. 201645 | 10 days | 24/48 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) |
1 Hz: ↓ (=recovery); 20 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) |
24/48 h after the last session | FST: struggling duration (s) |
1 Hz: ↑ (=recovery); 20 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) |
| Keck et al. 200046 | 5 weeks | 48 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 20 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) | 48 h after the last session | FST: struggling duration (s) | 20 Hz: ↑ (=improvement) |
| FST: latency to immobility (s) | 20 Hz: ↑ (=improvement) | ||||||
| During the 2nd week after the intervention | FST: immobility duration (s) | 20 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) | |||||
| FST: struggling duration (s) | 20 Hz: ↑ (=improvement) | ||||||
| FST: latency to immobility (s) | 20 Hz: ↑ (=improvement) | ||||||
| Keck et al. 200147 | 10 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 20 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | 24 h after the last session | FST: struggling duration (s) | 20 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) |
| FST: latency to immobility (s) | 20 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) | ||||||
| FST: swimming duration (s) | 20 Hz: ns | ||||||
| Kim et al. 200648 | 7 days | Immediately after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 10 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) | Immediately after the first session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 10 Hz: ns |
| Peng et al. 2018b36 | 7 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (%) |
1 Hz (0.84 T): ns; 1 Hz (1.26 T): ns; 5 Hz (0.84 T): ↓ (=recovery); 5 Hz (1.26 T): ↓ (=recovery); 10 Hz (0.84 T): ↓ (=recovery); 10 Hz (1.26 T): ↓ (=recovery) |
|||
| Sachdev et al. 200249 | 5 days | Immediately after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) |
1 Hz: ns; 5 Hz: ns; 15 Hz: ↓ (=improvement); 25 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) |
12 h after the first session | FST: immobility duration (s) |
1 Hz: ↓ (=improvement); 5 Hz: ↓ (=improvement); 15 Hz: ↓ (=improvement); 25 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) |
| 48 h after the last session |
1 Hz: ns; 5 Hz: ns; 15 Hz: ns; 25 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) |
||||||
| 72 h after the first session |
1 Hz: ↓ (=improvement); 5 Hz: ↓ (=improvement); 15 Hz: ↓ (=improvement); 25 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) |
||||||
| Sun et al. 201150 | 4 weeks | Immediately after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 10 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | Immediately after the last session | FST: distance traveled (m) | 10 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) |
| Tan et al. 201851 | 2 weeks | 96 h after the last session | FST: struggling duration (s) | 1 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) | 96 h after the last session | FST: latency to immobility (s) | 1 Hz: ↑ (=recovery) |
| Tsutsumi et al. 200239 | 10 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: motor activity | 15 Hz: ↑ (=improvement) | 24 h after the first session | FST: motor activity | 15 Hz: ns |
| Wang et al. 201457 | 7 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 15 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | |||
| Wang et al. 201940 | 2 weeks | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 0.5 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) | 8 days after the first session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 0.5 Hz: ns |
| Xue et al. 201958 | 7 days | 24/72 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) |
1 Hz: ns; 5 Hz: ↓ (=recovery) |
|||
| Yang et al. 200741 | 10 days | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 15 Hz: Males: ↓ (=improvement); Females: ↓ (=improvement) | 24 h after the last session | FST: latency to immobility (s) |
15 Hz: Males: ↑ (=improvement); Females: ↑ (=improvement) |
| FST: climbing duration (s) | 15 Hz: Males: ↓; Females: ns | ||||||
| FST: swimming duration (s) |
15 Hz: Males: ns; Females: ↑ (=improvement) |
||||||
| Zyss et al. 199742 | 2 weeks | 24 h after the last session | FST: immobility duration (s) | 50 Hz: ↓ (=improvement) | |||
| Zyss et al. 199943 | 9/18 days | 24 h after the last session |
FST: immobility duration (% of control sham) |
20 Hz (300 s, 9 sessions): ns; 20 Hz (300 s, 18 sessions): ↓ (=improvement); 30 Hz (333 s, 9 sessions): ↓ (=improvement) |
|||
Notes: Timing is referred to the rTMS intervention; recovery: recovery of the phenotype in models of disease; improvement: improvement of the behavioral profile in healthy models.
FST forced swim test, ↓ ↑: statistically significant change, ns not significant.
aOnly in this study an increase in immobility duration is indicative of recovery of the phenotype (attenuated psychomotor agitation). bNot included in the meta-analysis.