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. 2020 Nov 10;11:5678. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19416-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a TEM image of a thin slice taken from a significantly deformed geological calcite micro-pillar after compression testing. Inset, SEM image of the micro-pillar used for TEM sample preparation and the yellow plane shows the orientation of the TEM slice. b High magnification TEM image showing the dislocation arrays developed within the deformed geological calcite micro-pillar. c TEM image showing micro-/nano-scale cracks developed within the A. rigida biogenic calcite after deformation. White and yellow arrows indicate the cracks in the low- and high-density defect regions, respectively. d TEM image taken at the boundary of a fractured zone in biogenic calcite, showing the propagation directions of several cracks (white arrows) in parallel to the long axes of the defects, which is perpendicular to the calcite’s c-axis. e TEM image demonstrating that a crack formed via the coalescence of micro-cracks initiated from defects and followed the long-axis directions of defects. Inset: TEM imaging showing a site of crack initiation through nanoscopic damage coalescence from adjacent defects. f SEM and g atomic force micrograph (AFM) of the fractured surface of biogenic calcite, showing the nanoscale rough surfaces.