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. 2020 Nov 10;11:5678. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19416-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a, b Atomistic simulation of compression on a geological and b the biogenic calcite along the c axis, respectively. c, d TEM images showing that the orientation of the intracrystalline defects is gradually tilted towards the intercrystalline organic interfaces. The yellow dashed lines in c indicate the long-axis direction of defects locally. e Schematic model of the biogenic calcite with the presence of intercrystalline defects. f Estimated strength in relation to the spacing (L) and the inclination angle (θ) of intracrystalline defects. The boxed region highlights the actual configurations of defects observed in the A. rigida biogenic calcite. g Comparison of the stress contours and fracture patterns of biogenic calcites with defects orientations θ = ca. 0° and ca. 30° based on finite element/discrete element simulation. The boxed regions in the θ = ca. 0° model show cracks initiated at regions with a high density of defects, and the yellow region highlights an inclined damage band formed in the θ = ca. 30° model.