Table 1.

Pulmonary complications associated with cardiac surgery

Complication	% Incidence	References
Atelectasis	30–72	[26, 27]
Pleural effusion	24–63	[26, 28]
Phrenic nerve injury	10–21	[29, 30]
Pneumonia	2–20	[31, 32]
Prolonged mechanical ventilation > 48 h	2–6	[33–35]
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)	0.4–2	[36–39]