Table 3.

Preclinical and clinical studies with bioactive compounds from natural sources to target the altered lipid metabolism and/or associated risk factors (mainly obesity and T2DM) in cancer.

Family	Bioactive compounds	Molecular targets, metabolic effects	Preclinical/clinical trials	References
Polyphenols
Flavonoids	Gallic acid and its derivatives EGCG, gallate, ethyl gallate, gallocatechin gallate, methyl gallate, propyl gallate, theaflavin-3-gallate	↑AMPK, FAO, thermogenesis		(258)
		↓antiobesity		(259)
		↓Cholesterol, LDL	NCT02147041	(260)
		↓lipogenesis, ↓PPARG, LXR, ↑AMPK		(261, 262)
		↑AMPK, SIRT, PGC1a, FAO, UCP1, CYp7a1		(263)
		↓dyslipidemia		(264)
		↓dyslipidemia	NCT02627898	(265)
		↑FAO, ↓antiobesity	NCT02381145	(266)
		↓HOMAIR, T2DM	Human study	(267)
	Citrus flavonoids
	Nobilettin	↓HSL, ACC, ↑AMPK, CPT1a, ACOX1, FAO		(268)
	Naringenin	↑PPARα, CPT-1, UCP-2, FAO, ↓SREBP1c, 3HMGCR, hepatic steatosis		(269–272)
	Tangeretin	↑PPARα, FAO		(273)
	Hesperetin	↑PPARα, PPARγ, AMPK, FAO, ↓lipogenesis		(274)
	Baicalin	↓SREBP-1c, FASN, ACC		(275)
	Hispidulin	↑PPARα, CPT1α ↑Acat1, Acad1, HMGCS2		(276, 277)
	Mangiferin	↓inflammation, T2DM, steatosis, ACC, DGAT2, ↑ FAO(CPT1a)
	Dihydromyricetin	↓hepatic steatosis	ChiCTRTRC12002377	(278)
	Berberin	↓hepatic steatosis, TG and cholesterol levels	NCT00633282	(279)
	Luteolin	↑FAO, ↓lipogenesis, cholesterogenesis, HMGCS1	NCT00633282	(280)
	Quercetin	↓ CYP2E1, inflammation, obesity, T2DM		(281, 282)
Stilbenos	Resveratrol	↓ steatosis, adipogenesis, SREBP1c, lipin1, ACC, ↑AMPK, SIRT1, FAO	(283–285)
Curcuminoids	Curcumin	↓steatosis, adipogenesis, SREBP1c, FASN, SCD1, GPAT-1, ↑1AMPK, FAO	(286, 287)
Phenolic acids	Ellagic acid	↓steatosis, Insulin resistance		(288)
Terpenoids
	Carnosol	↓hyperglycemia, inflammation, lipogenesis, anticancer		(289, 290)
	Betulinic acid	↓SCD, steatosis, lipogenesis		(209)
	Ursolic acid	↑AMPK, FAO, ↓lipogenesis		(291)
	Ginsenoside	↑AMPK, perilipin, FAO		(292–294)
	Licopene	↓inflammation	ISRCTN99660610	(295)