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. 2020 Nov 10;10:19471. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76570-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gut microbiota alpha diversity among 46 participants receiving outpatient addiction treatment, 2016–2017. We compared alpha diversity between opioid agonist only (Ag), agonist + antagonist (AgAt), and antagonist only (At) vs. neither agonist nor antagonist (N) groups using two metrics. Ag participants had lower diversity compared to N for both Shannon diversity (a, Wilcoxon rank sum p = 0.04) and richness (b, Chao1 index, p = 0.008). No other groups statistically differed, including AgAt vs. N and At vs. N.