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. 2020 Nov 10;10:19471. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76570-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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De novo assigned gut microbiota enterotypes among 46 participants receiving outpatient addiction treatment, 2016–2017. The prevalence of three enterotypes identified through Dirichlet multinomial mixture modeling differed by opioid agonist–antagonist exposure groups. No individuals who used opioid agonists (agonist only [Ag] nor agonist–antagonist combination [AgAt]) had the Prevotella enterotype and 4 of 5 Ag participants had a Bacteroides enterotype with elevated Clostridium cluster XIVa. The distribution of enterotypes differed between Ag participants vs. participants who used neither agonists nor antagonists (N, Fisher exact p value = 0.006). Ag agonist only, AgAt agonist–antagonist, At antagonist only, N neither agonist nor antagonist.