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. 2020 Nov 10;10:19471. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76570-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differentially abundant genera identified among 46 participants receiving outpatient addiction treatment, 2016–2017. We used ALDEx2 to identify nine genera that were differentially abundant between participants who used opioid agonists (Ag) vs. participants who used neither agonists nor antagonists (N). Differentially abundant genera had false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p values < 0.05 for Wilcoxon rank sum tests comparing centered log ratios (a) computed from genera abundance (sample profiles are plotted as columns in heatmaps, rows represent the nine taxa). The corresponding relative abundance of each taxa is shown in (b). Clostridium cluster XIVa (FDR p value: 0.033), unclassified Enterobacteriaceae (FDR p value: 0.026), Lactobacillus (FDR p value: 0.031), Faecalicoccus (FDR p value: 0.037), Anaerostipes (FDR p value: 0.040), and Streptococcus (FDR p value: 0.045) abundances were higher in Ag vs. N participants while Roseburia (FDR p value: 0.043), unclassified Firmicutes (FDR p value: 0.031), and Bilophila (FDR p value: 0.037) were less abundant in Ag vs. N participants. We found no statistically significant differences between other opioid agonist/antagonist groups. Ag agonist only, AgAt agonist–antagonist, At antagonist only, N neither agonist nor antagonist.