Table 3. Differential Change in Total Episode Spending and Components of Spending^a.

	BPCI, $			Matched controls, $			Adjusted difference in differences (95% CI)b	P valuec
	Baseline period	Intervention period	Unadjusted difference	Baseline period	Intervention period	Unadjusted difference
Primary outcome
Total institutional spending over 90-d episoded	17 956	15 746	−2210	17 765	16 563	−1201	−1008 (−1603 to −414)	<.001
Secondary outcomes
Overall SNF spending (initial + subsequent)	13 959	11 848	−2111	13 907	12 776	−1130	−981 (−1446 to −516)
Initial SNF stay	12 150	10 148	−2002	12 012	10 856	−1155	−847 (−1253 to −440)
Subsequent SNF stays	1809	1700	−109	1895	1920	25	−134 (−381 to 113)
Readmission	1974	1952	−22	1976	2060	84	−106 (−315 to 103)
Inpatient rehabilitation facility	219	141	−78	129	138	9	−87 (−257 to 84)
Long-term acute care hospital	129	219	90	150	192	42	48 (−28 to 125)
Home health agency	1628	1559	−68	1556	1371	−185	117 (38 to 196)
Durable medical equipment	48	27	−21	47	26	−20	0 (−3 to 3)

Abbreviations: BPCI, Bundled Payment for Care Improvement; SNF, skilled nursing facility.

^aAll estimates use standard errors clustered at the SNF level.

^bAdjusted estimates show the differential change in spending outcomes during the 90-day postadmission bundle period between treatment and control groups after vs before BPCI implementation. The differential change estimates can be interpreted as the average within-SNF change attributable to BPCI implementation.

^cOnly 1 P value is shown for the primary outcome of institutional spending.

^dInstitutional spending is any Medicare payments to a hospital (inpatient or outpatient), post–acute care facility, home health agency, hospice, as well as spending on durable medical equipment.