Structure and Effect of Apocarotenoids on SL Content in Root Tissues and Exudates.
(A) Structures of apocarotenoids used in the structure–activity relationship study.
(B) SL quantification (4-deoxyorobanchol [4-DO]) in wild-type root tissues and exudates in response to zaxinone (Zax), α-zaxinone (α-Zax), and D'orenone (D'ore) treatment (5 μM) under Pi starvation. Bars represent mean ± SD; n = 3 biological replicates; statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test. Different letters denote significant differences (P < 0.05). CTL, control; Zax, zaxinone; α-Zax, α-zaxinone; and D'ore, D'orenone.