Figure 1.

Laser therapy for tracheal stenosis due to TPO. The patient was a 52-year-old woman. The main symptoms were dyspnoea and haemoptysis. Bronchoscopy and biopsy were conducted. The whole trachea was covered by cobblestone-like lesions and the biopsy specimen was histopathologically diagnosed as TPO. To relieve dyspnoea, Nd-YAG laser therapy was performed. After treatment, the symptoms improved and there were no complications. (A) Non-contrast axial chest CT scan shows calcified anterolateral nodules; (B) coronal reconstructed chest CT scan shows diffuse nodular calcification and the extent of involvement of TPO; (C) bronchoscopy reveals cobblestone-like nodules projecting into the lumen leading to airway narrowing; (D) after Nd-YAG laser therapy, some endobronchial nodules were cauterized and removed. TPO, tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica; Nd-YAG, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; CT, computed tomography.