Table 4. Systematic review of four original articles on TPO.
| References | Nienhuis et al. [1990] (17) | Leske et al. [2001] (6) | Zhu et al. [2014] (7) | Luo et al. [2019] (18) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population/country | 15/America | 41/(France, multicentre) | 22/China | 73/China |
| Age (mean, year)/male (%) | 63.5/47 | 63/46 | 47.5/50 | 52.8/59 |
| Symptoms | Cough (66%), haemoptysis (60%), dyspnoea (53%) | Chronic cough (54%), haemoptysis (20%) | Chronic cough (64%), haemoptysis (45%) | Cough (47%), haemoptysis (23%), expectoration (21%) |
| PFT | Normal (14%), obstructive defects (71%) | Normal (43%), obstructive defects (39%), restrictive defects (18%) | N/A | N/A |
| Chest CT scan | Intraluminal calcification (33%), normal (42%) | Submucosal nodules (74%), submucosal calcification (61%), tracheal stenosis (10%) | Beaded or scalloped (77%), calcification (64%), tracheal stenosis (27%) | Submucosal calcification (87.5%), normal (12.5) |
| Bronchoscopy | Both trachea and bronchi (40%) | Airway obstruction (34%), whole trachea (71%), upper trachea (76%) | Whole trachea (77%), upper trachea (9%), lower trachea (14%), Rt. main bronchus (73%), Lt. main bronchus (68%) | Tracheal stenosis (12%) |
| Histology | Normal (91%), squamous metaplasia (9%) | Squamous metaplasia (48%), cartilage (38%), bone (58%) | Cartilaginous (61%), bony (78%), squamous metaplasia (78%) | Squamous metaplasia (7%), ossification (54%), cartilage (14%) |
| Treatment | Cryotherapy (6.7%), laser therapy (6.7%) | Inhaled corticosteroids (20%), antibiotics (17%), laser therapy (2.4%) | Inhaled corticosteroids (36%) | Bronchoscopic treatment (4%) |
| Clinical outcome | Death (0%) | Asymptomatic (24%), chronic or recurrent symptoms (76%), death (2.4%) | Remission of symptoms (86%), death (4.5%) | Death (6.8%) |
TPO, tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica; PFT, pulmonary function test; CT, computed tomography.