Table 3. Association between the indoor exposure and respiratory outcomes (adjusted OR, 95% CI).
| Outcomes | Dampness and molds | ETS | Incense burning | Open kitchen | Decoration | Cooking frequency | Pets | Air conditioner | Kitchen ventilation | Cooking fuels | Air freshener |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cough with a cold | 1.47 (1.17, 1.85)* | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.08) | 1.67 (1.27, 2.20)* | 0.89 (0.64, 1.25) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 1.18 (0.84, 1.64) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.40) | 1.12 (0.73, 1.73) | 1.29 (0.87, 1.91) |
| Cough without a cold | 1.69 (1.04, 2.75)* | 1.23 (0.77, 1.97) | 0.80 (0.49, 1.30) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.42) | 1.72 (0.99, 2.98) | 1.17 (0.52, 2.64) | 0.73 (0.37, 1.42) | 0.87 (0.42, 1.80) | 1.61 (0.85, 3.05) | 1.81 (0.54, 6.06) | 2.20 (1.06, 4.56)* |
| Nightly cough | 1.37 (0.88, 2.13) | 0.69 (0.45, 1.07) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.60, 1.57) | 1.28 (0.74, 2.21) | 0.84 (0.42, 1.67) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.72) | 1.85 (0.84, 4.09) | 1.72 (0.93, 3.17) | 0.65 (0.27, 1.54) | 0.97 (0.43, 2.15) |
| Phlegm with a cold | 1.40 (1.03, 1.90)* | 1.37 (1.03, 1.81)* | 0.83 (0.62, 1.11) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.24) | 1.39 (0.97, 1.98) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.44) | 0.96 (0.61, 1.50) | 1.14 (0.75, 1.72) | 1.04 (0.58, 1.87) | 1.44 (0.87, 2.38) |
| Phlegm without a cold | 1.33 (0.59, 2.97) | 1.31 (0.63, 2.75) | 0.81 (0.38, 1.75) | 1.06 (0.47, 2.37) | 2.17 (0.96, 4.91) | 0.88 (0.26, 3.00) | 1.07 (0.41, 2.74) | 1.04 (0.31, 3.56) | 0.45 (0.10, 2.01) | 1.96 (0.24, 16.17) | 1.02 (0.23, 4.51) |
| Wheeze last year | 0.42 (0.11, 1.52) | 4.09 (1.02, 16.47)* | 0.28 (0.06, 1.28) | 0.77 (0.18, 3.22) | 0.71 (0.10, 5.04) | 1.06 (0.11, 10.13) | 0.09 (0.01, 1.26) | 0.66 (0.08, 5.38) | 2.42 (0.42, 14.12) | – | 7.82 (0.88, 69.57) |
| Wheeze with a cold | 1.88 (1.25, 2.83)* | 1.39 (0.93, 2.08) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.14) | 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.80) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.71) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.37) | 1.06 (0.55, 2.07) | 0.97 (0.52, 1.82) | 1.32 (0.51, 3.39) | 1.56 (0.78, 3.13) |
| Wheeze without a cold | 1.40 (0.53, 3.71) | 1.03 (0.41, 2.58) | 0.89 (0.35, 2.25) | 0.83 (0.30, 2.35) | 1.02 (0.32, 3.28) | 0.55 (0.15, 1.97) | 0.90 (0.26, 3.17) | 2.29 (0.30, 17.60) | 1.30 (0.35, 4.83) | 1.70 (0.20, 14.63) | 0.61 (0.07, 5.19) |
| Daytime and nightly wheeze | 1.62 (0.65, 3.99) | 2.94 (1.20, 7.24)* | 1.04 (0.44, 2.44) | 1.72 (0.71, 4.18) | 2.00 (0.75, 5.30) | 0.35 (0.12, 0.99)* | 0.37 (0.08, 1.68) | 0.92 (0.26, 3.30) | 1.31 (0.43, 3.96) | 1.76 (0.22, 14.01) | 0.51 (0.06, 4.07) |
| Wheeze while sleeping | 2.36 (0.80, 6.97) | 3.58 (1.17, 10.97)* | 0.39 (0.11, 1.33) | 3.93 (1.16, 13.31)* | 5.91 (1.36, 25.74)* | 0.04 (0.00, 0.65)* | 0.57 (0.14, 2.40) | 3.29 (0.67, 16.09) | 8.05 (1.09, 59.23)* | 0.69 (0.03, 13.64) | 3.68 (0.58, 23.36) |
| Wheeze while speaking | 4.51 (1.33, 15.33)* | 1.24 (0.36, 4.27) | 0.56 (0.16, 1.98) | 0.54 (0.12, 2.40) | 1.38 (0.26, 7.35) | 0.70 (0.09, 5.35) | 0.57 (0.10, 3.17) | 3.31 (0.29, 37.65) | 1.09 (0.17, 6.88) | 0.39 (0.02, 6.22) | 1.00 (0.14, 7.43) |
| Ever asthma | 1.82 (0.97, 3.40) | 1.56 (0.84, 2.89) | 0.79 (0.42, 1.49) | 1.19 (0.61, 2.29) | 1.10 (0.49, 2.47) | 0.85 (0.32, 2.26) | 0.55 (0.21, 1.45) | 2.86 (0.67, 12.17) | 1.36 (0.57, 3.25) | 3.18 (0.42, 24.23) | 0.90 (0.26, 3.08) |
| Recent asthma | 2.21 (0.71, 6.82) | 2.09 (0.68, 6.45) | 0.59 (0.18, 1.90) | 0.61 (0.17, 2.18) | 2.73 (0.78, 9.53) | 0.66 (0.14, 3.16) | 0.30 (0.04, 2.43) | – | 6.24 (1.85, 21.11)* | – | 0.93 (0.10, 8.40) |
| Recent bronchitis | 1.79 (1.33, 2.41)* | 1.21 (0.91, 1.61) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.49) | 1.37 (0.96, 1.98) | 2.78 (1.46, 5.29)* | 0.79 (0.53, 1.18) | 1.46 (0.88, 2.44) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.29) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.55, 1.64) |
| Recent pneumonia | 1.88 (0.75, 4.71) | 0.69 (0.27, 1.77) | 1.49 (0.61, 3.64) | 1.22 (0.47, 3.17) | 0.84 (0.24, 2.97) | 0.58 (0.16, 2.09) | 0.88 (0.25, 3.12) | 0.35 (0.12, 0.99)* | – | 0.85 (0.11, 6.81) | 0.46 (0.06, 3.75) |
| Ever allergy | 1.49 (1.05, 2.10)* | 1.18 (0.84, 1.65) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.50) | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 1.11 (0.72, 1.71) | 1.96 (1.00, 3.83) | 1.2 (0.84, 1.94) | 1.26 (0.70, 2.26) | 0.87 (0.50, 1.51) | 0.92 (0.44, 1.91) | 0.99 (0.52, 1.88) |
| Recent allergy | 2.07 (1.25, 3.40)* | 1.50 (0.91, 2.44) | 1.06 (0.64, 1.75) | 0.83 (0.48, 1.44) | 2.24 (1.29, 3.90)* | 1.29 (0.54, 3.11) | 0.77 (0.38, 1.55) | 0.79 (0.37, 1.65) | 0.89 (0.40, 1.97) | 0.85 (0.29, 2.46) | 0.49 (0.15, 1.63) |
| Recent allergic rhinitis | 1.38 (1.03, 1.85)* | 1.11 (0.84, 1.46) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.30) | 1.23 (0.86, 1.76) | 1.65 (0.99, 2.75) | 0.90 (0.62, 1.31) | 1.72 (1.03, 2.88)* | 1.14 (0.86, 1.71) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.07) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.49) |
Adjusted for age, maternal education, breastfeeding duration, maternal asthma, paternal asthma, maternal smoking during pregnancy and other variables in the model. Significant findings (P<0.05) are highlighted with *. Cooking frequency, high cooking frequency; cooking fuels, non-clean flues. ETS, environmental tobacco smoke.