Effect of Ying Yang 1 (YY1) on cell proliferation and focus formation. (a) and (b) TE‐1 cell lines were seeded in a 96‐well plate and incubated for 48 h. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT. (b) and (d) Cells were stably transfected with indicated vectors. One thousand cells were seeded onto each plate. After 10 days, cells were stained with crystal violet. Colonies consisting of more than 50 cells were counted. Data are presented as the means ± SEM and were normalized to the control cells, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. (e) and (f) TE‐1 cells were transfected with indicated vectors for 48 h. Cell extracts were subjected either to Western blot analysis for YY1, P21, CDK4 or Cyclin D1, or co‐immunoprecipitation (IP) with p21 antibodies followed by blotting for CDK4 or Cyclin D1.