Fig. 2. Pleiotropic modulation of the tumor-immune interface by PI3K inhibitors.

Within the tumor microenvironment, accumulated regulatory cells and suppressed cytotoxic T cells constitute a microenvironment that favors tumor progression. PI3K inhibitors have been shown to enhance the infiltration of immune cells, restrain suppressive immune cells, and improve the function of CD8⁺ T cells. Notably, isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors display selective modulation of the tumor-immune interaction. The black lines indicate the regulatory effects of stromal components on malignant cells or CD8⁺ T cells, while the red lines indicate the counteraction of tumor cells on immune cells. The impact of PI3K inhibitors is indicated by the blue lines.