Table 4.

Crude and adjusted ORs (with CIs) of GDM in relation to other predictor variables

Variable	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age
15–20 years	1		1
21–25 years	0.93 (0.63 to 1.37)	0.7	1.00 (0.54 to 1.84)	0.99
26–30 years*	1.53 (1.02 to 2.30)	0.04	1.70 (1.14 to 2.52)	0.01
>30 years	2.06 (1.10 to 3.87)	0.02	2.33 (0.78 to 6.95)	0.13
Education
Illiterate	1		1
Primary school	1.28 (0.64 to 2.57)	0.49	1.28 (0.52 to 3.16)	0.58
10th pass*	1.61 (0.78 to 3.32)	0.2	1.58 (1.05 to 2.37)	0.03
12th pass	1.62 (0.75 to 3.49)	0.22	1.41 (0.94 to 2.11)	0.1
Graduate and above	2 (0.84 to 4.82)	0.12	1.47 (0.62 to 3.48)	0.38
Religion
Hindu	1		1
Muslim*	1.27 (0.94 to 1.72)	0.12	1.52 (1.05 to 2.21)	0.03
Christian	0.5 (0.06 to 3.95)	0.52	0.70 (0.14 to 3.45)	0.66
Economic status
Below poverty line (BPL)	1		1
Above poverty line (APL)*	1.56 (1.13 to 2.17)	0.01	1.38 (1.00 to 1.91)	0.05
Body mass index
Normal	1		1
Underweight	1.24 (0.85 to 1.82)	0.27	1.35 (0.93 to 1.96)	0.11
Overweight/ obese	1.64 (1.07 to 2.51)	0.02	1.38 (0.90 to 2.10)	0.13
Gravida
Multigravida	1		1
Primigravida	0.95 (0.70 to 1.28)	0.72	1.27 (0.84 to 1.92)	0.25
Haemoglobin status
Anaemic	1		1
Non-anaemic	1.52 (1.05 to 2.20)	0.03	1.46 (0.94 to 2.26)	0.09
Diabetes in family
No	1		1
Yes*	2.53 (1.52 to 4.22)	0	1.82 (1.08 to 3.06)	0.02
Miscarriage history
No	1		1
Yes	1.4 (0.82 to 2.37)	0.22	1.53 (0.93 to 2.52)	0.09
Smoking status
Non-smokers	1		1
Current smokers*	1.94 (0.85 to 4.45)	0.13	1.61 (1.10 to 2.35)	0.01

Estimates were calculated using logistic regression with a robust cluster estimator of the variance in stata V.15.1. The clustered SE estimated with clustering at the zone level.

*Significant variable in multivariate logistic regression.

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.