Table 4.

The input symptoms, intermediate variables and bias variables for the diagnosis of manic episodes based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision

Classification of symptoms	Criterion variable	Major or minor criteria (domains)	Domain variables	Symptoms	Symptom variables	Equations	Approximation	Mechanisms related to introducing biases
Manic episode (variable=manic)						manic = (1- man_ma1 x man_ma2) x (man_ma1+man_ma2) x man_ma3 x (man_mi1+man_mi2+ man_mi3+man_mi4+ man_mi5+man_mi6+ man_mi7+man_bias1) + (1 - (1 - man_ma1 x man_ma2)(man_ma1+ man_ma2)) x man_ma3 x (man_mi1+man_mi2+ man_mi3+ man_mi4+man_mi5+ man_mi6+ man_mi7+man_bias2)	manic=intercept + coef1 x man_ma1+coef2 x man_ma2+coef3 x man_ma3+coef4 x man_mi1+coef5 x man_mi2+coef6 x man_mi3+coef7 x man_mi4+coef8 x man_mi5+coef9 x man_mi6+coef10 x man_mi7+coef11 x man_bias	Multiplication to create the situations where one of the symptom in the major criteria met (union of three binomial variables, such as man_ma1+man_ma2 and man_ma1 x man_ma2), multiplication for the condition of presenting irritable mood (… x man_ma3), and the bias variable (man_bias) equivalent to the residual of the diagnosis not explained by the input symptoms and the bias variables due to censoring; the bias variables introduced by categorising the number of input symptoms confirmed in the minor criteria (man_bias1 and man_bias2)
Major criteria, essential for the diagnosis of a manic episode (more than one bipolar episode required to diagnose bipolar disorder)
		A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalisation is necessary)
				Elevated mood, lasting at least 1 week	man_ma1
				Expansive mood, lasting at least 1 week	man_ma2
				Irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week	man_ma3
Minor criteria (three or more of the following symptoms have persisted; four if the mood is only irritable)
		Increased self-esteem or grandiosity	man_mi1			man_mi1=man_mi1_1+ man_mi1_2+ man_mi1_bias		Censoring of the sum of multiple input variables
				Increased self-esteem	man_mi1_1
				Grandiosity	man_mi1_2
				Information of the domain not explained by the input variables	man_mi1_bias
		Decreased need for sleep (eg, feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)	man_mi2
		More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking	man_mi3			man_mi3=man_mi3_1+ man_mi3_2+ man_mi3_bias		Censoring of the sum of multiple input variables
				More talkative than usual	man_mi3_1
				Pressure to keep talking	man_mi3_2
				Information of the domain not explained by the input variables	man_mi3_bias
		Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing	man_mi4			man_mi4=man_mi4_1+ man_mi4_2+ man_mi4_bias		Censoring of the sum of multiple input variables
				Flight of ideas	man_mi4_1
				Subjective experience that thoughts are racing	man_mi4_2
				Information of the domain not explained by the input variables	man_mi4_bias
		Distractibility (ie, attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli)	man_mi5
		Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation	man_mi6			man_mi6=man_mi6_1+ man_mi6_2+ man_mi6_bias		Censoring of the sum of multiple input variables
				Increase in goal-directed activity	man_mi6_1
				Psychomotor agitation	man_mi6_2
				Information of the domain not explained by the input variables	man_mi6_bias
		Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (eg, engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)	man_mi7
Information of diagnosis due to categorisation (choosing at least three symptoms)	man_bias1							Bias introduced by categorising the number of input symptoms confirmed in the minor criteria
Information of diagnosis due to categorisation (choosing at least four symptoms)	man_bias2							Bias introduced by categorising the number of input symptoms confirmed in the minor criteria
Information of diagnosis not explained by symptoms	man_bias							Information of the diagnosis not explained by the input symptoms and the bias variables generated due to data categorisation, man_bias1 and man_bias2