TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Authors and year of publication | Countries | Method | Type of intervention(s) | Outcome of interest | Target population | Number of included articles | Total population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanders LMJ, et al (2019) 35 | Not reported | Systematic review and metanalysis | Exercise defined as “aerobic, anaerobic, multicomponent or psychomotor exercise of any intensity or frequency, and a duration of ≥ 4 weeks” | All outcomes reported in the primary studies | People 50 years and older with and without cognitive impairment (MCI, VCI or dementia) | 36 | 2007 participants. |
| Jia et al (2019) 34 | China (7), Brazil (2), Italy (1), Australia (1), Germany (1), Denmark (1). | Systematic review | Exercise‐only intervention. | All outcomes reported in the primary studies | Diagnosed with dementia | 13 | 673 |
| Forbes D et al. (2015) 33 | United States (4), Sweden (1), France (2), Australia (2), Netherlands (3), Belgium (1), Brazil (1), Italy (1), South Korea (1), Spain (1). | Systematic review | Exercise programs offered over any length of time. Any combination between aerobic‐, strength‐, or balance‐training. Duration: From two weeks to 18 months. |
Effects of exercise on cognition, activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and depression. Secondary outcomes: Effects on caregiver burden and adverse effects of exercise. |
Older people with Alzheimer's disease. | 17 | 1067 participants |
| Zuchella C et al. (2018) 16 | Systematic review | Exercise and motor rehabilitation | All outcomes reported in the primary studies | persons living with dementia. | 49 | Not reported | |
| Cognitive intervention classified as cognitive stimulation, cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation. | All outcomes reported in the primary studies | persons living with dementia. | 18 | Not reported | |||
| Clarkson et al. (2017) 39 | No information provided | Overview of systematic reviews with narrative summary | Cognitive stimulation therapy | Impact on persons living with dementia and/or their caregivers. | Persons living with dementia and their caregivers. | 36 | Not reported |
| Huntley et al. (2015) 37 | No information provided | Systematic review, metanalysis and meta‐regression | Cognitive interventions classified as cognitive stimulation, cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation. | Impact on cognitive measures (eg, MMSE, ADAS‐Cog) | Persons living with dementia, >60 years old, | 33 | Not reported |
| Woods et al (2012) 36 | France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Brazil. | Systematic review | Cognitive stimulation as an intervention with a range of enjoyable activities providing general stimulation for thinking, concentration, and memory, usually in a social setting, such as a small group | Outcomes: persons living with dementia: performance on test on cognitive functioning, mood, well‐being, ADLs, behaviour, neuropsychiatric symptoms and behaviour problems, social engagement. | Persons living with dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, mixed of both). No age restriction. | 15 | 718 |
| caregivers’: well‐being, depression, anxiety, burden, strain, coping, satisfaction with intervention. | |||||||
| Dickinson et al (2017) 44 | No information | Systematic review of systematic reviews and metanalyses | Psychosocial interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, family therapy, counseling, anxiety and depression management, stress management, education and psychoeducation, health education and social support. | Psychological outcomes such as depression or anxiety, healthcare use and quality of life. | Informal caregivers of persons living with dementia. Community dwelling. | 31 (seven studies on intervention of interest–psychoeducational interventions) | Not reported |
| Gilhooly et al (2016) 41 | No information provided | Meta‐review of systematic reviews and metanalyses. | Psychoeducational interventions | Psychological wellbeing and knowledge/coping strategies | Persons living with dementia and/or their caregivers | 45 (seven on psychoeducational interventions) | Not reported |
| Huis in het Veld et al. (2015) 40 | Netherlands (3), Australia (1), Brazil (1), Canada (1), Germany (1), Taiwan (1), United Kingdom (1). | Systematic meta review | Professional self‐management support interventions, provided by a professional, focused on helping the informal caregiver to deal with the relative's dementia and its consequence on daily living. | Effects on caregiver | Informal caregivers of persons living with dementia. | 10 | Not reported |
| Laver et al (2017) 45 | United States, Taiwan, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Canada, Italy, Brazil, Finland, Denmark. | Systematic review and metanalysis | Interventions focussed on “education, counseling, information regarding services, enhancing caregiver skills to provide care, problem solving and strategy, development, and increasing resilience and coping skills in the caregiver” | Direct impact on the caregiver (depression, quality of life, caregiver burden, and caregiver upset in relation to behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia). Persons with dementia (ADL function, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia) | Caregivers of persons living with dementia, or dyad. | 40 | 6157 |
| Vandepitte et al (2016‐1) 43 | No information provided | Systematic review | Impact of intervention on caregiver, care recipient or on health care resource utilization. | Caregivers, persons living with dementia | 17 | 4000 | |
| Vandepitte et al (2016‐2) 42 | United Kingdom (4), Netherlands (4), United States (22), Germany (4), Canada (3), Russia (1), Australia (1), Sweden (3), France (1), Spain (3), Norway (1), Finland (1), Denmark (1), Italy (3), Southern Europe (no mention of specific countries – 1) | Systematic review | Psychoeducational interventions | Effect of the intervention on the wellbeing of caregivers or persons living with dementia | Caregivers and persons living with dementia | 53 | Not reported |
| Buckner et al (2019) 48 | England | Scoping review of lay literature | Dementia friendly communities | Impact of dementia friendly communities on persons living with dementia and their caregivers | PLW and caregivers | 100 dementia friendly communities in England | Not applicable |
| Hebert et al (2019) 23 | Europe (mainly UK), Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States | Quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual/theoretical peer reviewed research literature | Dementia‐friendly initiatives in care, long term care, and community settings. | Achieving dementia friendly spaces | persons living with dementia | 20 empirical articles and 12 conceptual or theoretical articles. | Not reported |
| Parke et al (2017) 47 | No provided | Scoping review | Dementia‐friendly hospital design for acute care | Impact on hospitalized older persons with dementia for acute care | Persons living with dementia | 28 studies | Not reported |
| Lin et al (2017) 46 | Not applicable | Concept exploration | Dementia friendly communities | Concept of dementia friendly communities | Persons living with dementia | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Reilly et al (2015) 51 | United States, Hong‐Kong, Canada, India, Finland, United Kingdom, Netherlands, | Systematic review of RCTs | Case management |
Effects on persons living with dementia admission to nursing home, on period before entering long‐term care, behaviour disturbance, depression, functional abilities and cognition. Care burden, depression, well‐being, social support. Healthcare costs. |
Persons living with dementia and their caregivers | 13 | 9615 |
| Bunn et al (2016) 52 | Not provided | Evidence synthesis–systematic review (both terms are used) | Case management ‐Admiral nurses | Scope and effectiveness of admiral nurses | persons living with dementia and caregivers | 33 items (10 classified as research) | Not reported |
| Khanassov et al (2016) 53 | United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium | Systematic mixed studies review | Case management | persons living with dementia and caregivers needs. | persons living with dementia and caregivers | Eight studies on case management | Not reported |
| Khanassov et al (2014) 50 | United States, Belgium, Netherlands, India, China, United Kingdom, Australia, | Systematic mixed studies review | Case management | Factors associated with Case Management | persons living with dementia | 23 | Not reported |
| Somme et al (2012) 49 | United States, Sweden | Systematic literature review | Case management | Effects on clinical outcomes and use of services of persons living with dementia | persons living with dementia | 6 RCTs | Not reported |