Table 4.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of breast cancer according to quartiles of choline and betaine intake in stage 1, stage 2 and the combined study
| Methyl donors | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intake | No. cases/controls | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Intake | No. cases/controls | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Intake | No. cases/controls | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |
| Total choline (mg/day) | <111.64 | 162/109 | 1 | 1 | <123.66 | 157/92 | 1 | 1 | <117.65 | 321/201 | 1 | 1 |
| 111.64–155.55 | 125/110 | 0.70 (0.50–0.99) | 0.71 (0.49–1.02) | 123.66–172.89 | 94/93 | 0.70 (0.47–1.04) | 0.83 (0.50–1.36) | 117.65–163.62 | 227/202 | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | 0.70 (0.53–0.93) | |
| 155.55–207.86 | 86/110 | 0.42 (0.29–0.61) | 0.49 (0.33–0.72) | 172.89–232.24 | 67/92 | 0.45 (0.30–0.68) | 0.58 (0.31–1.10) | 163.62–217.47 | 141/203 | 0.44 (0.33–0.57) | 0.47 (0.34–0.64) | |
| >207.86 | 65/109 | 0.41 (0.28–0.62) | 0.35 (0.22–0.54) | >232.24 | 51/92 | 0.32 (0.21–0.49) | 0.51 (0.30–0.87) | >217.47 | 118/201 | 0.37 (0.28–0.49) | 0.40 (0.28–0.57) | |
| P trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | P trend | <0.001 | 0.022 | P trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
|
Betaine (mg/day) |
<132.41 | 123/109 | 1 | 1 | <154.75 | 146/92 | 1 | 1 | <140.14 | 260/200 | 1 | 1 |
| 132.41–239.18 | 126/110 | 1.00 (0.70–1.43) | 1.10 (0.75–1.60) | 154.75–257.51 | 115/93 | 0.85 (0.58–1.25) | 0.98 (0.61–1.58) | 140.14–246.87 | 248/204 | 0.94 (0.72–1.21) | 1.13 (0.84–1.50) | |
| 239.18–440.90 | 117/110 | 0.88 (0.61–1.29) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 257.51–385.28 | 65/92 | 0.51 (0.34–0.76) | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 246.87–408.04 | 178/201 | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 0.83 (0.61–1.12) | |
| >440.90 | 72/109 | 0.63 (0.44–0.92) | 0.60 (0.39–0.92) | >385.28 | 43/92 | 0.28 (0.17–0.45) | 0.45 (0.25–0.80) | >408.04 | 121/202 | 0.46 (0.34–0.62) | 0.58 (0.42–0.80) | |
| P trend | 0.015 | 0.021 | P trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | P trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
|
Total choline + betaine (mg/day) |
<279.40 | 144/109 | 1 | 1 | <314.00 | 172/92 | 1 | 1 | <297.57 | 320/201 | 1 | 1 |
| 279.40–407.11 | 116/110 | 0.92 (0.64–1.33) | 0.83 (0.56–1.22) | 314.00–440.16 | 93/93 | 0.50 (0.34–0.74) | 0.70 (0.43–1.13) | 297.57–422.50 | 204/202 | 0.63 (0.49–0.82) | 0.74 (0.56–1.00) | |
| 407.11–627.38 | 115/110 | 0.76 (0.53–1.08) | 0.81 (0.55–1.18) | 440.16–600.19 | 59/92 | 0.30 (0.20–0.44) | 0.45 (0.26–0.78) | 422.50–615.63 | 176/203 | 0.54 (0.42–0.71) | 0.67 (0.50–0.92) | |
| >627.38 | 63/109 | 0.43 (0.29–0.63) | 0.43 (0.28–0.66) | >600.19 | 45/92 | 0.24 (0.15–0.38) | 0.40 (0.22–0.71) | >615.63 | 107/201 | 0.33 (0.25–0.45) | 0.38 (0.27–0.53) | |
| P trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | P trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | P trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
a
Odds ratios were adjusted for occupation, body mass index, age at menarche, live births and age at first live birth, mother/sister/daughter with breast cancer, passive smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, total energy intake and study stage.