TABLE 4.
Outcome levels at the end of the 8-wk phases1
| Outcome | Plant, mean ± SEM | Animal, mean ± SEM | Plant–Animal difference, mean (95% CI) | P value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | ||||
| TMAO,3 µM | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | −2.0 (−3.6, −0.3) | 0.012 |
| Secondary | ||||
| IGF-1, ng/mL | 147.6 ± 7.5 | 152.3 ± 8.3 | −4.7 (−13.9, 4.5) | 0.30 |
| Weight, kg | 78.7 ± 3.0 | 79.6 ± 3.0 | −1.0 (−1.5, −0.5) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, µIU/mL | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 8.8 ± 0.9 | 0.4 (−0.7, 1.5) | 0.38 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 94.9 ± 1.6 | 94.5 ± 1.4 | 0.5 (−1.8, 2.8) | 0.65 |
| Lipids, mg/dL | ||||
| LDL-C | 109.9 ± 4.5 | 120.7 ± 4.5 | −10.8 (−17.3, −4.3) | 0.002 |
| HDL-C | 62.5 ± 2.2 | 61.8 ± 2.5 | 0.7 (−2.4, 3.8) | 0.66 |
| Triglycerides | 99.7 ± 7.3 | 100.2 ± 7.0 | −0.6 (−10.5, 9.2) | 0.89 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 114.5 ± 2.1 | 113.1 ± 1.9 | 1.2 (−1.4, 4.1) | 0.31 |
| Diastolic | 70.0 ± 1.4 | 68.8 ± 1.2 | 1.1 (−0.8, 3.2) | 0.20 |
1
n = 36. Animal, animal meat; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; Plant, plant-based alternative meat; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide.
2
Likelihood ratio test from mixed-effects model evaluating change from baseline for each product type (Plant compared with Animal), adjusting for order and phase.
3
Significant order effect in model (P = 0.023).