Figure 7.

Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2 aerosol induces a smaller immune response in the respiratory tract than cigarette smoke. A, Gene sets associated with latent factor (LF) 1 of the multi-omics factor analysis (MOFA) model for protein expression (PEX) in the nose (respiratory nasal epithelium, RNE). Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed for the Reactome gene-set collection. Significant gene sets (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) are ranked by −log10 FDR-adjusted p-values. See Supplementary Figure 5 for more details on MOFA analysis. B, Protein expression profile of antimicrobial peptides/proteins in RNE. Log2 fold changes (FCs) versus sham are color coded, and statistical significance is indicated: *FDR-adjusted p-value < .01; ^xFDR-adjusted p-value < .05. Gene set from the Reactome (antimicrobial peptides) and Uniprot (antimicrobial [KW-0929]) databases (including Bpifb9b, Wfdc18, S100a11, and Cp from MOFA analysis). C, As in panel A, but for the larynx. D, Gene expression profile in the larynx. E, As in panel A, but for the lungs. F, Protein expression profile of the neutrophil degranulation pathway in the lungs.