| Study 1 |
n = 18 |
n = 71 |
n = 70 |
|
| BMI at baseline |
20.7 ± 1.9 |
20.7 ± 1.9 |
20.9 ± 1.9 |
F 2,156 = 0.30, P = 0.74 |
| Age |
14.9 ± 1.1 |
15.6 ± 1.0 |
15.1 ± 1.0 |
F 2,156 = 5.99, P = 0.003 |
| Parental education |
4.2 ± 1.0 |
4.4 ± 1.0 |
4.0 ± 1.1 |
F 2,156 = 2.07, P = 0.13 |
| Hunger |
4.8 ± 4.1 |
7.6 ± 4.3 |
8.2 ± 4.1 |
F 2,156 = 4.56, P = 0.01 |
| Milkshake pleasantness |
12.3 ± 4.1 |
14.4 ± 2.3 |
14.6 ± 2.1 |
F 2,156 = 6.34, P = 0.002 |
| Milkshake wanting |
13.2 ± 2.8 |
13.7 ± 2.5 |
13.6 ± 2.2 |
F 2,156 = 0.34, P = 0.71 |
| Tasteless solution pleasantness |
8.0 ± 1.7 |
7.8 ± 2.7 |
8.1 ± 3.0 |
F 2,156 = 0.22, P = 0.80 |
| Tasteless solution wanting |
6.4 ± 3.5 |
5.9 ± 3.9 |
6.0 ± 4.0 |
F 2,156 = 0.09, P = 0.91 |
| Total energy intake |
2505 ± 891 |
2636 ± 787 |
2593 ± 886 |
F 2,151 = 0.18, P = 0.83 |
| Total energy expenditure |
2587 ± 508 |
2641 ± 588 |
2529 ± 539 |
F 2,151 = 0.68, P = 0.51 |
|
Study 2
|
n = 14
|
n = 55
|
n = 48
|
|
| BMI |
21.6 ± 2.2 |
20.8 ± 2.2 |
21.5 ± 2.5 |
F 2,114 = 1.41, P = 0.25 |
| Age |
14.9 ± 0.9 |
15.1 ± 0.8 |
15.0 ± 0.8 |
F 2,114 = 0.43, P = 0.65 |
| Parental education |
4.7 ± 0.8 |
4.3 ± 1.1 |
4.2 ± 0.9 |
F 2,114 = 1.26, P = 0.29 |
| Hunger |
11.3 ± 5.1 |
11.1 ± 4.2 |
10.5 ± 4.2 |
F 2,114 = 0.31, P = 0.73 |
| High-fat/high-sugar milkshake pleasantness |
15.3 ± 2.2 |
14.6 ± 3.3 |
14.5 ± 3.5 |
F 2,114 = 0.30, P = 0.74 |
| High-fat/high-sugar milkshake wanting |
14.2 ± 2.6 |
13.8 ± 3.5 |
14.0 ± 3.5 |
F 2,114 = 0.10, P = 0.93 |
| High-fat/low-sugar milkshake pleasantness |
13.1 ± 3.2 |
11.9 ± 3.7 |
11.2 ± 4.1 |
F 2,114 = 1.46, P = 0.24 |
| High-fat/low-sugar milkshake wanting |
13.3 ± 2.8 |
11.7 ± 3.8 |
10.9 ± 4.9 |
F 2,114 = 1.73, P = 0.18 |
| Low-fat/high-sugar milkshake pleasantness |
12.5 ± 3.5 |
13.5 ± 4.0 |
12.2 ± 5.1 |
F 2,114 = 1.15, P = 0.32 |
| Low-fat/high-sugar milkshake wanting |
12.1 ± 3.3 |
12.6 ± 4.2 |
11.6 ± 5.3 |
F 2,114 = 0.31, P = 0.73 |
| Low-fat/low-sugar milkshake pleasantness |
11.1 ± 3.1 |
9.7 ± 3.6 |
9.5 ± 4.4 |
F 2,114 = 0.98, P = 0.38 |
| Low-fat/low-sugar milkshake wanting |
10.4 ± 3.4 |
9.4 ± 3.5 |
9.2 ± 4.9 |
F 2,114 = 0.47, P = 0.62 |
| Tasteless solution pleasantness |
9.4 ± 2.5 |
10.5 ± 3.1 |
11.1 ± 3.4 |
F 2,114 = 1.60, P = 0.21 |
| Tasteless solution wanting |
11.8 ± 3.9 |
10.9 ± 3.3 |
11.6 ± 3.6 |
F 2,114 = 0.56, P = 0.57 |
|
FTO AA (n = 32)
|
FTO AT (n = 126)
|
FTO TT (n = 118)
|
Test statistics
|
| BMI at baseline |
20.8 ± 2.1 |
21.2 ± 2.1 |
20.8 ± 2.0 |
F 2,272 = 0.85, P = 0.43 |
| Change in BMI |
0.3 ± 0.8 |
0.4 ± 0.5 |
0.4 ± 0.3 |
F 2,271 = 1.14, P = 0.32 |
