Table 1. Characteristics of patients in VACO Index development and validation cohorts.
| Cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined Development & Validation | Development | Validation, Early | Validation, Late | Validation, Combined | P value* | |
| Testing dates | 3/2/2020–7/18/2020 | 3/2/2020–4/15/2020 | 4/16/2020–5/18/2020 | 5/19/2020–7/18/2020 | 4/16/2020–7/18/2020 | |
| N | 13,323 | 3,681 | 2,151 | 7,491 | 9,642 | |
| 30-day Deaths, n (%) | 1,136 (8.5) | 480 (13.0) | 253 (11.8) | 403 (5.4) | 656 (6.8) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 63.1 (50.0–72.8) | 64.8 (53.7–73.4) | 67.6 (57.5–75.0) | 60.6 (46.0–71.7) | 62.3 (48.8–72.5) | <0.001 |
| Categories, N (%) | ||||||
| 20–49 | 3,326 (25.0) | 717 (19.5) | 324 (15.1) | 2,285 (30.5) | 2,609 (27.1) | <0.001 |
| 50–54 | 1,072 (8.0) | 279 (7.6) | 130 (6.0) | 663 (8.9) | 793 (8.2) | |
| 55–59 | 1,292 (9.7) | 375 (10.2) | 204 (9.5) | 713 (9.5) | 917 (9.5) | |
| 60–64 | 1,598 (12.0) | 481 (13.1) | 282 (13.1) | 835 (11.1) | 1,117 (11.6) | |
| 65–69 | 1,472 (11.0) | 433 (11.8) | 256 (11.9) | 783 (10.5) | 1,039 (10.8) | |
| 70–74 | 2,119 (15.9) | 654 (17.8) | 415 (19.3) | 1,050 (14.0) | 1,465 (15.2) | |
| 75–79 | 1,004 (7.5) | 293 (8.0) | 200 (9.3) | 511 (6.8) | 711 (7.4) | |
| 80–89 | 1,043 (7.8) | 326 (8.9) | 237 (11.0) | 480 (6.4) | 717 (7.4) | |
| ≥90 | 397 (3.0) | 123 (3.3) | 103 (4.8) | 171 (2.3) | 274 (2.8) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 5,148 (38.6) | 1,194 (32.4) | 934 (43.4) | 3,020 (40.3) | 3,954 (41.0) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5,589 (42.0) | 1,896 (51.5) | 892 (41.5) | 2,801 (37.4) | 3,693 (38.3) | |
| Hispanic | 1,734 (13.0) | 405 (11.0) | 203 (9.4) | 1,126 (15.0) | 1,329 (13.8) | |
| Other/Unknown | 852 (6.4) | 186 (5.1) | 122 (5.7) | 544 (7.3) | 666 (6.9) | |
| Male sex | 12,114 (90.9) | 3,410 (92.6) | 1,993 (92.7) | 6,711 (89.6) | 8,704 (90.3) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Asthma | 663 (5.0) | 237 (6.4) | 89 (4.1) | 337 (4.5) | 426 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 7,825 (58.7) | 2,321 (63.1) | 1,424 (66.2) | 4,080 (54.5) | 5,504 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidities | ||||||
| AIDS | 223 (1.7) | 76 (2.1) | 36 (1.7) | 111 (1.5) | 147 (1.5) | 0.033 |
| Cancer | 1,585 (11.9) | 505 (13.7) | 288 (13.4) | 792 (10.6) | 1,080 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, metastatic | 228 (1.7) | 73 (2.0) | 45 (2.1) | 110 (1.5) | 155 (1.6) | 0.141 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1,578 (11.8) | 484 (13.1) | 370 (17.2) | 724 (9.7) | 1,094 (11.3) | 0.004 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 3,022 (22.7) | 956 (26.0) | 541 (25.2) | 1,525 (20.4) | 2,066 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1,857 (13.9) | 587 (15.9) | 396 (18.4) | 874 (11.7) | 1,270 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 4,900 (36.8) | 1,485 (40.3) | 874 (40.6) | 2,541 (33.9) | 3,415 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes with complications | 2,813 (21.1) | 884 (24.0) | 544 (25.3) | 1,385 (18.5) | 1,929 (20.0) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 1,337 (10.0) | 434 (11.8) | 368 (17.1) | 535 (7.1) | 903 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease, mild | 1,387 (10.4) | 429 (11.7) | 274 (12.7) | 684 (9.1) | 958 (9.9) | 0.004 |
| Liver disease, severe | 140 (1.1) | 36 (1.0) | 30 (1.4) | 74 (1.0) | 104 (1.1) | 0.608 |
| Myocardial infarction | 742 (5.6) | 219 (5.9) | 172 (8.0) | 351 (4.7) | 523 (5.4) | 0.240 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 218 (1.6) | 64 (1.7) | 47 (2.2) | 107 (1.4) | 154 (1.6) | 0.567 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1,800 (13.5) | 572 (15.5) | 385 (17.9) | 843 (11.3) | 1,228 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Plegia | 276 (2.1) | 69 (1.9) | 81 (3.8) | 126 (1.7) | 207 (2.1) | 0.319 |
| Renal disease | 2,365 (17.8) | 770 (20.9) | 459 (21.3) | 1,136 (15.2) | 1,595 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 243 (1.8) | 79 (2.1) | 38 (1.8) | 126 (1.7) | 164 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||
| 0 | 4,321 (32.4) | 970 (26.4) | 527 (24.5) | 2,824 (37.7) | 3,351 (34.8) | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 5,521 (41.4) | 1,597 (43.4) | 900 (41.8) | 3,024 (40.4) | 3,924 (40.7) | |
| 4–5 | 1,661 (12.5) | 517 (14.0) | 336 (15.6) | 808 (10.8) | 1,144 (11.9) | |
| 6–9 | 1,562 (11.7) | 502 (13.6) | 330 (15.3) | 730 (9.7) | 1,060 (11.0) | |
| ≥10 | 258 (1.9) | 95 (2.6) | 58 (2.7) | 105 (1.4) | 163 (1.7) | |
** Development vs Combined validation cohorts
Abbreviations: IQR = interquartile range, AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome