Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 patients at admission.
| Characteristics | Non-asthma (n = 430) | Asthma (n = 72) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Mean ± SD | 60.8 ± 15.7 | 60.6 ± 13.9 | 0.89 |
| 18–49 years | 91 (21.3) | 20 (27.8) | 0.20 | |
| 50–64 years | 155 (36.2) | 29 (40.3) | ||
| ≥65 years | 182 (42.5) | 23 (31.9) | ||
| Sex | Female | 222 (52.0) | 39 (54.2) | 0.79 |
| Male | 205 (48.0) | 33 (45.8) | ||
| Race | African American | 325 (75.6) | 50 (69.4) | 0.09 |
| White | 66 (15.3) | 18 (25.0) | ||
| Not Reported | 39 (9.1) | 4 (5.6) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | Mean ± SD | 32.90 ± 8.32 | 35.79 ± 9.43 | 0.034 |
| Smoking | None | 299 (69.5) | 47 (65.3) | 0.71 |
| Past smoker | 94 (21.9) | 17 (23.6) | ||
| Current smoker | 37 (8.6) | 8 (11.1) | ||
| Chief complaint | Shortness of breath | 231 (53.7) | 44 (61.1) | 0.25 |
| Fever | 94 (21.9) | 14 (19.4) | 0.76 | |
| Cough | 93 (21.6) | 21 (29.2) | 0.17 | |
| Flu-like symptoms | 26 (6) | 6 (8.3) | 0.44 | |
| Fatigue | 28 (6.5) | 4 (5.6) | 0.71 | |
| Chest pain | 10 (2.3) | 3 (4.2) | 0.41 | |
| Altered mental status | 64 (14.9) | 6 (8.3) | 0.20 | |
| Headache | 3 (0.7) | 2 (2.8) | 0.15 | |
| Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | 27 (6.3) | 4 (5.6) | 0.81 | |
| Comorbidities | Hypertension | 306 (71.2) | 51 (70.8) | 0.95 |
| Diabetes | 183 (42.6) | 28 (38.9) | 0.60 | |
| Chronic heart failure | 46 (10.7) | 4 (5.6) | 0.20 | |
| Arrhythmia | 43 (10) | 5 (6.9) | 0.52 | |
| COPD | 31 (7.2) | 5 (6.9) | 0.93 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 68 (15.8) | 8 (11.1) | 0.37 | |
| Cancer | 47 (10.9) | 8 (11.1) | 0.96 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 46 (10.7) | 3 (4.2) | 0.08 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 34 (7.9) | 4 (5.6) | 0.63 | |
| Obesity | 233 (54.2) | 54 (75) | 0.001 | |
| Severity | qSOFA score | 0.69 ± 0.70 | 0.89 ± 0.72 | 0.06 |
| CURB65 score | 1.47 ± 1.13 | 1.33 ± 1.20 | 0.41 | |
| Orientation | Glasgow coma score | 13.59 ± 3.11 | 13.57 ± 3.57 | 0.98 |
| Vital signs | Temperature | 99.47 ± 1.67 | 99.75 ± 2.09 | 0.24 |
| Pulse rate | 89.31 ± 19.41 | 93.78 ± 20.38 | 0.09 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | 125.52 ± 21.06 | 127.41 ± 20.20 | 0.51 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 73.66 ± 15.30 | 73.73 ± 13.44 | 0.97 | |
| Mean arterial pressure | 100.89 ± 18.52 | 101.75 ± 18.93 | 0.73 | |
| Respiratory rate | 21.77 ± 7.20 | 24.14 ± 7.03 | 0.015 | |
| ABG findings | SaO2 | 92.99 ± 7.80 | 93.59 ± 7.94 | 0.57 |
| pH respiratory | 7.26 ± 1.01 | 7.39 ± 0.08 | 0.51 | |
| PaCO2 | 39.24 ± 13.75 | 38.08 ± 10.53 | 0.68 | |
| PaO2 | 89.67 ± 67.34 | 82.39 ± 78.09 | 0.62 | |
| HCO3 | 24.67 ± 3.57 | 21.73 ± 5.41 | 0.022 | |
| FiO2 (%) | 40.52 ± 29.58 | 43.18 ± 30.99 | 0.78 | |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 244.62 ± 111.31 | 236.00 ± 115.17 | 0.82 | |
| Laboratory findings | White blood cells | 8.18 ± 5.70 | 7.95 ± 3.46 | 0.77 |
| Hemoglobin | 12.11 ± 2.03 | 11.97 ± 2.31 | 0.64 | |
| Hematocrit | 36.16 ± 5.91 | 36.70 ± 5.93 | 0.62 | |
| Platelet count | 236.56 ± 104.9 | 246.15 ± 103. | 0.51 | |
| Neutrophil count | 7.08 ± 9.91 | 6.20 ± 3.25 | 0.50 | |
| Lymphocyte count | 1.33 ± 1.95 | 1.09 ± 0.43 | 0.34 | |
| Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio | 7.97 ± 10.42 | 6.55 ± 4.51 | 0.30 | |
| Serum sodium | 204.48 ± 902.78 | 137.24 ± 24.9 | 0.65 | |
| Serum potassium | 4.09 ± 1.11 | 4.08 ± 0.86 | 0.98 | |
| Serum chloride | 101.47 ± 8.85 | 101.82 ± 4.03 | 0.82 | |
| Calcium corrected | 9.01 ± 0.66 | 8.99 ± 0.86 | 0.88 | |
| Random blood sugar | 145.04 ± 86.29 | 155.97 ± 88.81 | 0.36 | |
| Blood urea nitrogen | 26.50 ± 20.20 | 22.95 ± 20.89 | 0.20 | |
| Serum creatinine | 1.82 ± 2.05 | 1.57 ± 1.88 | 0.37 | |
| Albumin | 3.24 ± 0.56 | 3.36 ± 0.59 | 0.18 | |
| Bilirubin | 0.64 ± 0.49 | 0.52 ± 0.19 | 0.23 | |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 77.07 ± 45.08 | 65.54 ± 19.23 | 0.22 | |
| AST | 48.59 ± 35.23 | 53.63 ± 38.84 | 0.53 | |
| ALT | 33.01 ± 27.20 | 45.67 ± 35.96 | 0.05 | |
| Anion gap | 12.22 ± 10.08 | 10.61 ± 2.68 | 0.50 | |
| Lactic acid | 52.89 ± 104.58 | 1.75 ± 0.78 | 0.51 | |
| Troponin | 3.04 ± 14.72 | 0.60 ± 0.94 | 0.78 | |
| HbA1c | 7.51 ± 2.81 | 9.80 ± 4.81 | 0.33 | |
| C-reactive protein | 48.21 ± 63.08 | 38.47 ± 58.98 | 0.64 | |
| Procalcitonin | 11.49 ± 66.12 | 0.24 ± 0.22 | 0.51 | |
| Ferritin | 987.87 ± 1881.3 | 1632.3 ± 3293.5 | 0.26 | |
Data are presented as mean and standard deviation or frequency and percentage. BMI: body mass index. SaO2: oxygen saturation, PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen, PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, HCO3: bicarbonate, FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen, AST: Aspartate transaminase, ALT: alanine transaminase, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin. Chi-square, Fisher's Exact, Student's t, or Mann-Whitney U tests were used. P-value at <0.05 was considered significant.