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. 2020 Oct 28;22(10):e17049. doi: 10.2196/17049

Table 1.

Risk of bias assessment of the included studies.

Study Risk of bias items

1a 2b 3c 4d 5e 6f 7g
Proudfoot et al (2003) [32] +h + h ?h + + +
Grime (2004) [33] + + ? ? ? ? +
Proudfoot et al (2004) [34] + + ? + + +
Marks et al (2004) [35] + + + ? + ?
Schneider et al (2005) [36] + + + + + +
Mackinnon et al (2008) [37] ? ? ? + + +
Kessler et al (2009) [38] + + + + + + +
Ellis et al (2011) [39] ? ? ? ? ? +
Farrer et al (2011) [40] + + ? ? + ? +
Høifødt et al (2013) [41] + + ? + + +
Lintvedt et al (2013) [42] + + ? + + +
Powell et al (2013) [43] + + ? + + +
Sethi (2013) [44] + + + + +
Howells et al (2016) [45] + + + ? ? +
Phillips et al (2014) [46] + + + + + + +
Twomey et al (2014) [47] + + + ?
Gilbody et al (2015) [48] + + + + +
Richards et al (2015) [49] + + ? ? + + +
Richards et al (2016) [50] + + ? ? + + +
Carolan et al (2017) [51] + + ? + + +
Flett et al (2018) [52] + ? ? + + +
Forand et al (2018) [53] + ? + + +
Bostock et al (2019) [54] + ? ? + ? +
Löbner et al (2019) [55] + + ? + + ?

aRandom sequence generation (selection bias).

bAllocation concealment (selection bias).

cBlinding of participants and personnel (performance bias).

dBlinding of outcome assessment (performance bias).

eIncomplete outcome data (attrition bias).

fSelective outcome reporting.

gOther potential threats to validity.

h+=low risk; −=high risk; ?=unclear risk.