Table 4.

Subgroup analysis of effect e-therapy versus controls on depression outcomes (posttreatment and follow-up).

Time point and variable, Subgroup			k a	SMDb (Hedges g)c	95% CI	I2 (%)d	P value (between subgroups)e	R2 (%)f	NNTg
Posttreatment
	Control type
		Wait list	12	0.54h	0.34 to 0.75	79h	.02	8.00	3.36
		TAUi	7	0.32h	0.06 to 0.58	79h	—j	—	5.58
		Placebo	7	0.20h	0.06 to 0.34	2	—	—	8.89
	E-therapy type
		MoodGYM	14	0.29h	0.15 to 0.43	57h	.30	3.94	6.15
		Beating the Blues	5	0.55h	0.00 to 1.10	89h	—	—	3.30
		Headspace	3	0.36h	0.22 to 0.49	0	—	—	4.97
		Other	4	0.50h	0.32 to 0.68	2	—	—	3.61
	Self-help typology
		Self-administered	8	0.30h	0.15 to 0.45	65h	.08	5.87	5.95
		Predominantly self-help	14	0.39h	0.16 to 0.62	76h	—	—	4.60
		Minimal contact	3	0.53h	0.39 to 0.67	0	—	—	3.42
		Predominantly therapist delivered	1k	0.61	—	—	—	—	2.95
	Setting
		Clinical	12	0.39h	0.22 to 0.57	68h	.91	0.01	4.60
		Community	14	0.38h	0.18 to 0.58	76h	—	—	4.72
	Focus problem
		Depression	12	0.39h	0.13 to 0.64	84h	.74	0.79	4.60
		Anxiety or stress	3	0.38h	0.25 to 0.52	0	—	—	4.72
		Both	7	0.47h	0.29 to 0.65	0	—	—	3.84
	Analysis method
		ITTl	9	0.39h	0.24 to 0.54	76h	.50	0.49	4.60
		Completers	3	0.33h	0.21 to 0.44	0	—	—	5.42
Follow-up
	Control type
		Wait list	4	0.29	−0.15 to 0.73	71h	.75	1.19	6.15
		TAU	7	0.29h	0.03 to 0.54	79h	—	—	6.15
		Placebo	5	0.18h	0.00 to 0.36	0	—	—	9.87
	E-therapy type
		MoodGYM	9	0.21	−0.01 to 0.43	73h	.79	0.96	8.47
		Beating the Blues	4	0.31	−0.03 to 0.64	73h	—	—	5.76
		Other	3	0.32h	0.05 to 0.59	51	—	—	5.58
	Self-help typology
		Self-administered	4	0.16	−0.10 to 0.41	80h	.46	1.29	11.10
		Predominantly self-help	10	0.29h	0.07 to 0.51	65h	—	—	6.15
		Minimal contact	1k	0.04	—	—	—	—	44.32
		Predominantly therapist delivered	1k	0.56	—	—	—	—	3.25
	Setting
		Clinical	10	0.33h	0.09 to 0.57	77h	.13	4.68	5.42
		Community	6	0.14h	0.07 to 0.21	0	—	—	12.68
	Focus problem
		Depression	10	0.22	−0.01 to 0.46	77h	.07	7.42	8.08
		Anxiety or stress	1k	0.15	—	—	—	—	11.83
		Both	3	0.49h	0.32 to 0.66	0	—	—	3.69
	Analysis method
		ITT	3	0.27h	0.09 to 0.45	71h	—	—	6.60
		Completers	1k	0.17	—	—	—	—	10.45

^ak: number of comparisons.

^bSMD: standardized mean difference.

^cPositive effect size indicates in favor of e-therapy.

^dSignificance of associated Q statistic.

^eAlpha threshold Bonferroni adjusted to P<.01 for multiple testing.

^fR²: percentage of variance explained by moderator.

^gNNT: number needed to treat.

^hSignificant at P<.05.

ⁱTAU: treatment as usual.

^jOne between-groups P value and R² value are provided for each subgroup comparison, reported on the row of the first subgroup category.

^kWhere there is only one comparison within a subgroup, 95% confidence intervals and I² values are not reported.

^lITT: intention to treat.