Table 3.

Strength of support and parameter estimates for individual-level variables (ILVs). (ILVs modify either the baseline learning rate (asocial effect) or social learning (social effect). ILV estimates provide the linear effect on the log scale: e.g. bold individuals had an asocial learning rate exp(0.02) = 1.02× that of shy individuals. Unconditional standard errors were used to construct 95% Wald CIs for ILVs [34].)

individual-level variable	support (Σwi)	model-averaged estimate (95% CI)
mixed group membership: asocial effect	0.189	−0.04 (−0.16, 0.09)
shy-dominated group membership: asocial effect	0.189	0.05 (−0.11, 0.22)
bold personality: asocial effect	0.267	0.02 (−0.09, 0.13)
body length (cm): asocial effect	0.288	−0.34 (−3.65, 2.97)
body length (cm): social effect	0.292	−0.15 (−0.75, 0.45)