Table 1.
Studies used in this meta-analysis that document the glucocorticoid levels of vertebrates from urban and non-urban habitats.
| reference | taxa | species | type of measure | country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abolins-Abols et al. [24] | bird | Junco hyemalis | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Atwell et al. [25] | bird | Junco hyemalis | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Beaugeard et al. [26] | bird | Passer domesticus | baseline feather corticosterone | France |
| Beck et al. [27] | bird | Melospiza melodia | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Bonier et al. [28] | bird | Zonotrichia leucophrys | baseline blood corticosterone | USA |
| Brunton et al. [29] | mammal | Macropus giganteus | baseline faecal cortisol | Australia |
| Buxton et al. [30] | bird | Agelaius phoeniceus | baseline faecal corticosterone | USA |
| Chávez-Zichinelli et al. [31] | bird | Columbina inca, Melozone fusca | baseline faecal corticosterone | Mexico |
| Corbel et al. [32] | bird | Columba livia | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | France |
| Davies et al. [14] | bird | Pipilo aberti | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Davies et al. [33] | bird | Pipilo aberti | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Davies et al. [34] | bird | Troglodytes aedon | baseline/stress-induced free blood corticosterone | USA |
| Davies et al. [35] | bird | Melospiza melodia | baseline blood corticosterone | USA |
| Fokidis & Deviche [18] | bird | Toxostoma curvirostre | baseline blood corticosterone | USA |
| Fokidis et al. [36] | bird | Toxostoma curvirostre, Mimus polyglottos, Pipilo aberti, Passer domesticus | baseline/stress-induced free and total blood corticosterone | USA |
| Fokidis et al. [37] | bird | Toxostoma curvirostre | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Foltz et al. [38] | bird | Melospiza melodia | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| French et al. [39] | reptile | Urosaurus ornatus | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Gabor et al. [40] | amphibian | Eurycea tonkaway | baseline/stress-induced water corticosterone | USA |
| Grunst et al. [41] | bird | Melospiza melodia | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Ibáñez-Álamo et al. [42] | bird | Turdus merula | baseline feather corticosterone | Spain, France, Finland |
| King et al. [43] | fish | Micropterus salmoides | baseline/stress-induced blood cortisol | Canada |
| Łopucki et al. [44] | mammal | Apodemus agrarius | baseline faecal corticosterone | Poland |
| Lyons et al. [45] | mammal | Tamias striatus | baseline faecal/hair cortisol | Canada |
| Meillère et al. [46] | bird | Passer domesticus | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | France |
| Nelson et al. [47] | mammal | Vulpes macrotis | baseline/stress-induced faecal cortisol | USA |
| Parry-Jones et al. [48] | mammal | Pteropus poliocephalus | baseline faecal corticosterone | Australia |
| Partecke et al. [49] | bird | Turdus merula | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | Germany |
| Rebolo-Ifran et al. [50] | bird | Athene cunicularia | baseline feather corticosterone | Argentina |
| Scheun et al. [51] | mammal | Galago moholi | baseline faecal cortisol | South Africa |
| Shimamoto et al. [52] | mammal | Sciurus vulgaris | baseline/stress-induced faecal cortisol | Japan |
| Stothart et al. [53] | mammal | Sciurus carolinensis | baseline faecal/hair cortisol | Canada |
| Wright & Fokidis [54] | bird | Cardinalis cardinalis | baseline/stress-induced blood corticosterone | USA |
| Zhang et al. [55] | bird | Passer montanus | baseline blood corticosterone | China |