Table 1.

Predictors of susceptibility to misinformation, pooled and by country.

country	pooled	Ireland	Mexico	Spain	UK (April)	USA
N	4733	643	644	664	1005	673
R2	0.23	0.28	0.21	0.21	0.24	0.36
F	102.11	17.73	11.75	12.13	23.76	27.50
(intercept)	2.30*** [2.21, 2.40]	2.40*** [2.08, 2.73]	2.64*** [2.05, 3.23]	2.95*** [2.62, 3.28]	2.17*** [2.00, 2.34]	2.21*** [2.01, 2.42]
age	−0.21*** [−0.24, −0.17]	−0.31*** [−0.41, −0.21]	0.12* [0.02, 0.21]	−0.13** [−0.23, −0.04]	−0.28*** [−0.35, −0.20]	−0.12** [−0.201, −0.04]
female	−0.16*** [−0.23, −0.10]	−0.02 [−0.21, 0.17]	−0.05 [−0.24, 0.15]	−0.28** [−0.47, −0.09]	−0.01 [−0.15, 0.13]	−0.19* [−0.34, −0.03]
education	0.04* [0.00, 0.07]	0.05 [−0.04, 0.15]	0.02 [−0.08, 0.12]	0.03 [−0.06, 0.13]	−0.02 [−0.091, 0.050]	0.03 [−0.06, 0.11]
politically right wing	0.09*** [0.05, 0.12]	0.19*** [0.10, 0.28]	0.13* [0.03, 0.23]	0.19*** [0.09, 0.30]	0.05 [−0.03, 0.13]	0.06 [−0.04, 0.16]
self-perceived minority status	0.38*** [0.29, 0.47]	0.47*** [0.25, 0.69]	0.41*** [0.17, 0.64]	0.34** [0.1, 0.60]	0.12 [−0.09, 0.32]	0.35*** [0.15, 0.54]
numeracy	−0.40*** [−0.43, −0.36]	−0.31*** [−0.41, −0.22]	−0.32*** [−0.42, −0.22]	−0.38*** [−0.47, −0.28]	−0.37*** [−0.45, −0.30]	−0.34*** [−0.42, −0.26]
trust in scientists	−0.24*** [−0.27, −0.20]	−0.28*** [−0.38, −0.18]	−0.16** [−0.28, −0.05]	−0.22*** [−0.33, −0.12]	−0.29*** [−0.37, −0.21]	−0.30*** [−0.40, −0.20]
trust in government	−0.01 [−0.05, 0.04]	−0.03 [−0.15, 0.08]	0.00 [−0.13, 0.13]	−0.05 [−0.18, 0.08]	0.00 [−0.09, 0.10]	0.12* [0.02, 0.23]
trust in journalists	0.11*** [0.07, 0.15]	0.04 [−0.06, 0.14]	0.11* [0.01, 0.22]	0.12* [0.02, 0.23]	0.12** [0.05, 0.19]	0.02 [−0.08, 0.12]
COVID risk perception	−0.02 [−0.06, 0.01]	−0.05 [−0.15, 0.04]	−0.04 [−0.14, 0.06]	−0.05 [−0.15, 0.05]	0.03 [−0.04, 0.10]	−0.03 [−0.12, 0.06]
trust in politicians' COVID approach	0.14*** [0.10, 0.19]	−0.01 [−0.13, 0.11]	0.30*** [0.18, 0.43]	0.15* [0.02, 0.27]	0.08 [−0.01, 0.18]	0.35*** [0.24, 0.45]
trust in WHO's COVID approach	−0.08*** [−0.12, −0.04]	−0.00 [−0.11, 0.11]	−0.28*** [−0.40, −0.17]	0.06 [−0.05, 0.16]	−0.03 [−0.11, 0.06]	−0.04 [−0.14, 0.07]
getting information from social media	0.35*** [0.27, 0.43]	0.25* [0.05, 0.46]	0.27 [−0.22, 0.75]	0.19 [−0.08, 0.45]	0.31*** [0.16, 0.47]	0.34*** [0.16, 0.51]
getting information from WHO	−0.14** [−0.23, −0.04]	−0.29 [−0.60, 0.03]	−0.20 [−0.62, 0.22]	−0.42* [−0.75, −0.10]	−0.13 [−0.30, 0.04]	−0.11 [−0.30, 0.09]

Note: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Beta values are standardized and 95% confidence intervals are provided in parentheses. Significant predictors are marked in bold.¹⁰