Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics | Normal (n = 4, 946) | Kidney damage | Total (n = 5, 808) | ||
| eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (n = 744) | ACR ≥ 30 mg/g (n = 194) | Chronic kidney disease (n = 862) | |||
| Data are presented as n (95% CI). All values were weighted to represent the total Chinese population aged 65 years or older based on 2010 Chinese census data. ACR: urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. | |||||
| Mean age, yrs | 74.9 (74.2-75.6) | 74.8 (73.5-76.1) | 72.4 (72.1-72.7) | 74.8 (74.1-75.6) | 72.4 (72.1-72.7) |
| Female, % | 58.0 (53.0-62.9) | 61.0 (50.2-70.8) | 52.0 (48.5-55.4) | 58.1 (53.3-62.7) | 52.0 (48.5-55.4) |
| Mean body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 (23.1-25.8) | 25.0 (23.6-26.4) | 24.0 (23.4-24.6) | 24.5 (23.2-25.8) | 24.0 (23.4-24.6) |
| < 18.5 | 5.5 (2.4-12.1) | 3.0 (1.0-8.3) | 5.5 (3.9-7.6) | 5.3 (2.3-11.9) | 5.5 (3.9-7.6) |
| 18.5-23.9 | 41.3 (33.1-50.0) | 40.1 (27.6-54.1) | 46.8 (41.5-52.1) | 41.3 (33.3-49.9) | 46.8 (41.5-52.1) |
| 24.0-27.9 | 35.4 (30.5-40.6) | 30.4 (22.6-39.5) | 34.3 (31.5-37.2) | 34.7 (30.0-39.7) | 34.3 (31.5-37.2) |
| ≥ 28.0 | 17.8 (10.6-28.3) | 26.5 (16.9-39.0) | 13.5 (9.7-18.5) | 18.6 (11.5-28.8) | 13.5 (9.7-18.5) |
| Ethnicity (Han), % | 91.7 (72.5-97.9) | 94.3 (75.0-98.9) | 93.5 (80.0-98.1) | 91.9 (73.7-97.9) | 93.5 (80.0-98.1) |
| Education attainment, % | |||||
| Elementary school | 77.2 (59.6-88.6) | 75.1 (58.7-86.5) | 74.8 (64.2-83.0) | 76.7 (59.9-87.9) | 74.8 (64.2-83.0) |
| Middle high school | 19.3 (10.3-33.2) | 21.2 (11.9-34.9) | 21.7 (15.0-30.5) | 19.7 (10.9-32.8) | 21.7 (15.0-30.5) |
| High school or above | 3.5 (1.1-10.0) | 3.7 (1.0-12.4) | 3.5 (1.5-7.7) | 3.6 (1.2-10.2) | 3.5 (1.5-7.7) |
| Smoking, % | |||||
| Nonsmokers | 72.9 (65.4-79.3) | 77.8 (69.8-84.2) | 72.4 (65.7-78.3) | 73.7 (67.0-79.5) | 72.4 (65.7-78.3) |
| Former smokers | 9.6 (5.9-15.2) | 9.3 (4.8-17.1) | 8.3 (5.9-11.4) | 9.6 (6.0-15.0) | 8.3 (5.9-11.4) |
| Current smokers | 17.5 (9.8-29.1) | 12.9 (5.5-27.4) | 19.3 (14.5-25.2) | 16.7 (9.5-27.7) | 19.3 (14.5-25.2) |
| Consumption of alcohol, % | |||||
| Non-drinkers | 82.0 (78.5-85.0) | 81.3 (74.7-86.5) | 78.2 (70.4-84.5) | 82.1 (78.7-85.0) | 78.2 (70.4-84.5) |
| Former drinkers | 7.0 (4.2-11.5) | 9.5 (6.0-14.6) | 7.9 (5.3-11.6) | 7.5 (4.7-11.9) | 7.9 (5.3-11.6) |
| Current drinkers | 11.0 (6.8-17.3) | 9.2 (4.3-18.7) | 13.9 (9.1-20.7) | 10.4 (6.5-16.3) | 13.9 (9.1-20.7) |
| Hypertension, % | 75.8 (69.2-81.4) | 85.5 (74.8-92.1) | 62.1 (58.8-65.2) | 76.3 (70.0-81.7) | 62.1 (58.8-65.2) |
| Coronary artery disease, % | 3.2 (1.3-7.5) | 2.2 (0.6-7.8) | 1.4 (0.8-2.4) | 3.0 (1.3-6.8) | 1.4 (0.8-2.4) |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 16.3 (10.9-23.6) | 23.3 (12.2-39.9) | 12.8 (9.0-17.9) | 17.3 (11.3-25.6) | 12.8 (9.0-17.9) |
| Diabetes, % | 35.4 (23.8-48.9) | 40.7 (26.2-57.1) | 33.2 (26.6-40.6) | 36.0 (25.0-48.7) | 33.2 (26.6-40.6) |
| Urban, % | 58.0 (27.8-83.2) | 63.8 (42.1-81.0) | 65.3 (45.2-81.1) | 58.9 (30.5-82.4) | 65.3 (45.2-81.1) |