Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 275 women in Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study (2005-2015) according to the outcome of their first ART pregnancy.
| Number of Women | Entire Cohort N=275 |
Live Birth N=194 |
Pregnancy Loss N=81 |
p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal Characteristicsb | ||||
| Age, years | 35.1 ± 3.8 | 34.6 ± 3.8 | 36.2 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.8 ± 4.0 | 23.7 ± 3.5 | 24.1 ± 4.9 | 0.70 |
| Never Smoker, n (%) | 206 (74.9) | 143 (73.7) | 63 (77.8) | 0.48 |
| White, n (%) | 235 (85.5) | 169 (87.1) | 66 (81.5) | 0.23 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.07 | |||
| Less than college | 19 (6.9) | 9 (4.6) | 10 (12.4) | |
| College degree | 92 (33.5) | 67 (34.5) | 25 (30.9) | |
| Graduate degree | 164 (59.6) | 118 (60.9) | 46 (56.8) | |
| Currently Employed, n (%) | 264 (96.0) | 189 (97.4) | 75 (92.6) | 0.06 |
| Whole Pregnancy Air Pollution Exposure |
||||
| NO2, ppb | 27.0 ± 27.1 | 26.3 ± 22.4 | 28.8 ± 36.2 | 0.94 |
| O3, ppb | 44.8 ± 38.9 | 44.6 ± 37.7 | 45.4 ± 41.8 | 0.84 |
| PM2.5, μg/m3 | 8.9 ± 1.7 | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 0.21 |
| BC, μg/m3 | 0.55 ± 0.16 | 0.55 ± 0.17 | 0.54 ± 0.16 | 0.99 |
| Whole Pregnancy Temperature | 11.1 (6.3) | 10.9 (4.2) | 11.6 (9.6) | 0.31 |
| Exposure, °C | ||||
| Initial Cycle Characteristics | ||||
| Nulligravid, n (%) | 166 (60.4) | 118 (60.8) | 48 (59.3) | 0.81 |
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 236 (85.8) | 169 (87.1) | 67 (82.7) | 0.34 |
| Initial Infertility diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| Male factor | 95 (34.6) | 72 (37.1) | 23 (28.4) | 0.32 |
| Female factor | 83 (30.2) | 58 (29.9) | 25 (30.9) | |
| Diminished ovarian reserve | 21 (7.6) | 14 (7.2) | 7 (8.6) | |
| Endometriosis | 17 (6.2) | 12 (6.2) | 5 (6.2) | |
| Ovulatory | 25 (9.1) | 19 (9.8) | 6 (7.4) | |
| Tubal | 18 (6.6) | 12 (6.2) | 6 (7.4) | |
| Uterine | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Unexplained | 97 (35.3) | 64 (33.0) | 33 (40.7) | |
| Treatment protocol, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Luteal phase agonist | 180 (65.5) | 141 (72.7) | 39 (48.2) | |
| Flare or antagonist | 55 (20.0) | 26 (13.4) | 29 (35.8) | |
| Cryo or donor egg cycle | 40 (14.6) | 27 (13.9) | 13 (16.1) | |
| Season of Conception, n (%) | 0.13 | |||
| Winter | 68 (24.7) | 49 (25.3) | 19 (23.5) | |
| Spring | 68 (24.8) | 53 (27.3) | 15 (18.5) | |
| Summer | 76 (27.6) | 46 (23.7) | 30 (37.0) | |
| Fall | 63 (22.9) | 46 (23.7) | 17 (21.0) | |
| Year of Conception, n (%) | 0.64 | |||
| 2005-2007 | 47 (17.1) | 33 (17.0) | 14 (17.2) | |
| 2008-2010 | 110 (40.0) | 82 (42.3) | 28 (34.6) | |
| 2011-2013 | 87 (31.6) | 59 (30.4) | 28 (34.6) | |
| 2014-2015 | 31 (11.3) | 20 (10.3) | 11 (13.6) |
Note: BC, black carbon; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; O3, ozone; PM2.5, particulate matter <2.5 μm.
a
P-value was calculated using Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables and Chi-Square tests for categorical variables.
b
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or N (%).