Table 8.

Application of cell immobilization for continuous solvent production with solventogenic and acetogenic clostridia

Strain	Immobilized system	Immobilization type and carrier	Substrate	Product	Max. productivity	References
C. acetobutylicum ATCC 55025	Continuous biofilm reactor	Adsorption, fibrous bed	Glucose and co-substrate butyrate	Butanol	4.6 g L−1 h−1	[114]
C. acetobutylicum B 5313	Two-stage chemostat with integrated solvent recovery	Adsorption, sugarcane bagasse	Glucose	ABE solvents	2.5 g L−1 h−1, 0.35 g g−1	[17]
C. acetobutylicum DSM 792	Continuous packet bed reactor	Adsorption, Tygon rings	Lactose and yeast extract (cheese whey imitate)	Butanol	4.4 g L−1 h−1	[207]
C. acetobutylicum DSM 792	Continuous biofilm reactor	Adsorption, coconut fibers and wood pulp	Sugar mix, synth. (lignocellulose hydrolysate)	ABE solvents	12.14 g L−1 h−1	[281]
C. acetobutylicum DSM792-ADH	Continuous packed bed reactor	Adsorption, wood pulp fibers	Lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate	Isopropanol-butanol-ethanol mix	1.67 g L−1 h−1	[15]
C. acetobutylicum P-262	Continuous 4-stage biofilm reactor system	Adsorption, ceramic D-21 beads	Defibered-sweet-potato-slurry	ABE solvents	1.0 g L−1 h−1	[12]
C. beijerinckii BA101	Continuous packed bed reactor	Adsorption, clay bricks	Glucose	ABE solvents	15.8 g L−1 h−1	[240]
C. beijerinckii BA101	Continuous plug-flow biofilm reactor, in-site product recovery and effluent recycling	Adsorption, clay brick	Glucose	Butanol	16.2 g L−1 h−1	[168]
C. beijerinckii BA101	Continuous packed bed reactor, Scale-up	Adsorption, brick pieces	Glucose	Butanol	34.76 g L−1 h−1	[231]
C. beijerinckii DSM 6423	Continuous packed bed reactor	Adsorption, wood pulp	Sugar mix, synth. (lignocellulose hydrolysate)	ABE solvents	5.58 g L−1 h−1	[282]
C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052	Chemostat with immobilized cells	Encapsulation, porous polyvinyl alcohol media	Glucose and co-substrate butyrate	Butanol	0.40 g L−1 h−1	[159]
C. beijerinckii ATCC 6014 and C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755	Continuous biofilm reactor	Adsorption, fibrous bed	Cassava bagasse hydrolysate	Isopropanol-butanol mix	0.44 g L−1 h−1	[336]
C. carboxidivorans P7	Hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactor	Adsorption, membrane	Syngas: 20% CO, 5% H2, 15% CO2, 60% N2	Ethanol	23.93 g L−1, 0.24 mol C mol C−1	[267]
C. carboxidivorans P7	Biofilm reactor	Adsorption, cordierite-based ceramic monolith cylinder	Syngas: 20% CO, 5% H2, 15% CO2, 60% N2	Ethanol	4.89 g L−1, 2.35 g L−1 day−1	[266]
C. pasteurianum DSM 525	Continuous packed bed reactor	Adsorption, corn stover pieces	Glycerol	Butanol	4.2 g L−1 h−1	[86]
C. ragsdalei ATCC-PTA-7826	Trickle bed reactor semi-continuous	Adsorption, 6 mm soda lime glass beads	Syngas: 38% CO, 28.5% CO2, 28.5% H2, 5% N2	Ethanol	5.7 g L−1, 0.80 mmol L−1 h−1	[52]
Clostridium ragsdalei ATCC-PTA-7826	Trickle bed reactor semi-continuous	Adsorption, 6 mm soda lime glass beads	Syngas: 38% CO, 5% N2, 28.5% CO2, 28.5% H2	Ethanol	45 mg L−1 h−1	[53]

The overview is focused on the immobilized system, type and carrier